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アムール川下流域とサハリンにおける文化類型と文化領域 : レーヴィン，チェボクサロフの「経済・文化類型」と「歴史・民族誌的領域」の再検討
https://doi.org/10.15021/00004266
https://doi.org/10.15021/00004266720c96fd-6ace-4cef-97fb-321ce774c8ba
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KH_016_2_002.pdf (3.4 MB)
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| Item type | 紀要論文 / Departmental Bulletin Paper(1) | |||||||||||||||
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| 公開日 | 2010-02-16 | |||||||||||||||
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| タイトル | アムール川下流域とサハリンにおける文化類型と文化領域 : レーヴィン，チェボクサロフの「経済・文化類型」と「歴史・民族誌的領域」の再検討 | |||||||||||||||
| 言語 | ja | |||||||||||||||
| タイトル | ||||||||||||||||
| タイトル | A Study of Cultural Types and Cultural Areas in Lower Amur and Sakhalin Reexamination of the Concept of “Economic Cultural Types” and “Historical Ethnographic Regions” | |||||||||||||||
| 言語 | en | |||||||||||||||
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| 言語 | jpn | |||||||||||||||
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| 主題Scheme | Other | |||||||||||||||
| 主題 | 経済・文化類型｜生業・文化基本類型｜歴史・民族誌的領域｜アムール川下流域｜サハリン | |||||||||||||||
| 資源タイプ | ||||||||||||||||
| 資源タイプ識別子 | http://purl.org/coar/resource_type/c_6501 | |||||||||||||||
| 資源タイプ | departmental bulletin paper | |||||||||||||||
| ID登録 | ||||||||||||||||
| ID登録 | 10.15021/00004266 | |||||||||||||||
| ID登録タイプ | JaLC | |||||||||||||||
| 著者 |
佐々木, 史郎
× 佐々木, 史郎
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| 内容記述タイプ | Abstract | |||||||||||||||
| 内容記述 | The purpose of this paper is to examine two concepts, which were put forward by M. G. Levin and N. N. Cheboksarov in 1950s, in the case of the peoples of the Lower Amur and Sakhalin. One is the concept of " economic-cultural types" and the other is that of "historicalethnographic regions". These concepts were born in Soviet ethnology in the studies of economic and cultural diversity among the peoples of the same level of socio-economic development. Definition of the concepts by Levin and Cheboksarov is as follows: the economic-cultural type is to be understood as historically formed complexes characteristic of a given economy and culture, typical for the peoples living under certain natural geographic conditions, at a certain level of socio-economic development; the historicalethnographic regions are the territories where a definite cultural entity was formed as a result of continued relations among the people inhabiting them, of their influences on one another, and of a similarity in their historical destiny [LEVIN 1972: 3, 5]. Levin and Cheboksarov grouped the peoples of northern Siberia into five by the concept of economic-cultural types: 1. hunter-fishermen in taiga (Siberian forest), 2. sea mammal hunters in the arctic shore and Bering sea, 3. fishermen on large rivers, 4. hunter-reindeer-breeders in taiga, and 5. reindeer nomads in tundra. According to them, an examination of the major economic-cultural types of northern Siberia and the [Soviet] far East reveals that: 1) the same economic-cultural type may develop among different peoples, in different, even remote, regions but only under conditions of the same level of development of productive forces and of a similar geographic environment; 2) different types in a particular territory have definite historical continuity [succession]— under certain historical conditions one type develops into another, for instance some hunter-fishermen of the forest zone changed their economic-cultual type to "hunter-reindeer-breeders" by introducing renideer-breeding; 3) the cultural traits characteristic of each type form in the first place through the orientation of the economy to certain geographic conditions [LEVIN 1972: 5]. They also grouped the same peoples by the concept of historicalethnographic regions: 1. Yamaro-Taimyr region, 2. Western Siberian region, 3. Sayan-Altayan region, 4. Eastern Siberian region, 5. Kamchatka- Chukchi region, 6. Amur-Sakhalin region. Although these two concepts make it possible to classify the peoples of Siberia and the Soviet Far East by cultural similarity and diversity, one can find some defects which must be corrected by examination of concrete cases. For instance, as it stands, the concept of the economic-cultural types cannot explain the case of the peoples of Lower Amur and Sakhalin who have complex economic systems. Such a defect was caused by the fact that Levin and Cheboksarov did not systematically examine the productive activities of the peoples of Siberia and the Soviet Far East. They mentioned only five activities: fishing, forest hunting, sea mammal hunting, forest rendeer breeding, and tundra rendeer breeding; but it is obvious that there are four other activities, i. e. tundra reindeer hunting, nomadism in steppe and forest-steppe zone, cultivating with domesticated animals, and plant collecting. Each activity has not only economic meaning but has its own cultural phenomena and activities. In this paper I have made a typology of these productive activities and their respective cultures and called it "fundamental types of productive activity and culture". There are nine types in Siberia and the Soviet Far East, because each of the above mentioned activities has its own cultural set and can be considered a distinct type. Economic systems of the peoples of Siberia and the Soviet Far East consist of combinations of these nine types, which are determined by ecological and cultural conditions. The economic -cultural type, which clearly show the relation between the economic system and culture, can be defined as a combination of some of the fundamental types of productive activity and culture. From such a point of view, the "economic-cultural types" of the peoples of Lower Amur and Sakhalin can be grouped as follows: a) combination of fishing, forest hunting, cultivationg with domesticated animals, and plant collecting (Nanais of Amur, Sungari and Ussuri); b) combination of fishing, forest hunting, sea mammal hunting, and plant collecting (Ul'chi, Nivkhi, Orochi, Ainu, and Negidals), c) combination of fishing, forest hunting, sea mammal hunting, forest rendeer breeding, and plant collecting (Uilta and Evenki), d) forest hunting, fishing, plant colledting (Udehes, a part of Nanais and Negidals, and Uilta and Evenki without rendeer). An examination of these corrected "economic-cultural types" reveals that: 1) each type is fundamentally determined by the ecological system of the region; 2) it is often determined also by cultural and historical conditions, e. g., cultural interactions, development of productive force and technology, etc.; 3) the same economic-cultural type rarely appears in regions geographically distant from each other (in contrast to "fundamental types of the productive activity and culture" which are common to regions distant from each other); 4) it is possible for a region to change or step up from one type to another. Such a case is typically caused by the adoption of new productive activities or the technological development of present activities. In the case of the peoples of Lower Amur and Sakhalin some cultural elements concerning their productive activities or economic systems, e. g. foods, fishing and hunting tools, utensils, and so on, are common to this area. This is because the people has formed a trade area since the 17th century in this region and they trade or exchange their products to provide each other with indespensable things of their daily life. Such a fact could be one of the factors which made this area one of the historical-ethnographic regions. As to the concept of the historical-ethnographic regions, there is a criticism that each region has been identified by the author's impression [大林 1990a: 51]. In fact, Levin and Cheboksarov did not show any theoretical basis to distinguish the above mentioned six regions of the Siberian peoples. They proposed this concept in order to classify the people by the cultural elements and historical factors which are common among the people of the region but which have nothing to do with ecological and economic systems. However, Levin and Cheboksarov did not indicate such elements and factors in their works at all. In the case of the peoples of Lower Amur and Sakhalin it is true that there are many cultural elements and characteristics which are common and unique to this region, and that therefore this area can be treated as a genuine historical-ethnographic region. However these elements and characteristics must be concretely shown. Cluster analysis is an effective way of classifying the cultures of the Siberian peoples, because it can quantitatively show the similarity and diversity of cultures. Such analysis reveals distributions of the same or similar elements and one can clearly find the border of the region. Though it is difficult to show all the common elements and their distributions in this brief paper, we can guess that there are three types of common elements in Lower Amur and Sakhalin; 1) elements of fundamental cultural stratum, 2) common elements of various ethnic origins (e. g. Tungus, Nivkhi, or Ainu origin), and 3) elements of Chinese, Manchu, Korean, or Japanese origin. It is also necessary to review the political and economic history of the given areas. The border of the historical-ethnographic region is often decided by political borders or economic areas. In the case of Lower Amur and Sakhalin, the rule of the Qing dynasty (17th century—middle of 19th century) was decisive in creating a typical historical-ethnographic region. The Nerchinsk treaty (1689) obstructed the invasion of the Russians to this region, and the dynasty prohibited the immigration of other peoples of the empire to northeastern Manchuria in order to monopolize the fur trade in this area. It was only a few administrators and merchants who could visit there and have contact and trade with the people of this region. Such a policy encouraged the trade activity of the people of Lower Amur and Sakhalin to fourish. They traded not only with each other but also with the Chinese, Manchu, and Japanese traders at the entrances of this region. The native traders exchanged ,products of each area and provided the people with various things from China, Manchuria, and Japan. Their activity mixed many different cultures, and distributed them all over the region. It is inevitable that the political border coincided with that of the historical-ethnographic region in the case of Lower Amur and Sskhalin. In conclusion, we point out as follows: 1) by adopting the concept of fundamental types of productive activity and culture, it becomes possible to make a typology of economic systems and cultures of the peoples with complex economic systems, and it becomes easier to examine the ecological and historical factors which determined the characteristics of each type; 2) the historical and ethnic background of the historicalethnographic region can be clearly shown in the case of Lower Amur and Sakhalin. Cluster analysis and reexamination of regional history help us to identify an area which has common history and cultural elements, not influenced by ecological factors. |
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| 言語 | en | |||||||||||||||
| 書誌情報 |
国立民族学博物館研究報告 en : Bulletin of the National Museum of Ethnology 巻 16, 号 ２, p. 261-309, 発行日 1991-12-28 |
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| 出版者 | 国立民族学博物館 | |||||||||||||||
| 言語 | ja | |||||||||||||||
| 出版者（英） | ||||||||||||||||
| 出版者 | National Museum of Ethnology | |||||||||||||||
| 言語 | en | |||||||||||||||
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| 収録物識別子タイプ | ISSN | |||||||||||||||
| 収録物識別子 | 0385-180X | |||||||||||||||
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| 収録物識別子タイプ | NCID | |||||||||||||||
| 収録物識別子 | AN00091943 | |||||||||||||||
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| 出版タイプ | VoR | |||||||||||||||
| 出版タイプResource | http://purl.org/coar/version/c_970fb48d4fbd8a85 | |||||||||||||||
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Cite as
佐々木, 史郎, 1991, アムール川下流域とサハリンにおける文化類型と文化領域 : レーヴィン，チェボクサロフの「経済・文化類型」と「歴史・民族誌的領域」の再検討: 国立民族学博物館, 261–309 p.
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