{"created":"2023-06-20T15:59:11.582374+00:00","id":4274,"links":{},"metadata":{"_buckets":{"deposit":"9998b9cb-0db6-418f-ab4e-e4a24182c05f"},"_deposit":{"created_by":17,"id":"4274","owners":[17],"pid":{"revision_id":0,"type":"depid","value":"4274"},"status":"published"},"_oai":{"id":"oai:minpaku.repo.nii.ac.jp:00004274","sets":["345:441"]},"author_link":["79"],"control_number":"4274","item_9_biblio_info_7":{"attribute_name":"書誌情報","attribute_value_mlt":[{"bibliographicIssueDates":{"bibliographicIssueDate":"1991-12-28","bibliographicIssueDateType":"Issued"},"bibliographicIssueNumber":"２","bibliographicPageEnd":"309","bibliographicPageStart":"261","bibliographicVolumeNumber":"16","bibliographic_titles":[{"bibliographic_title":"国立民族学博物館研究報告"},{"bibliographic_title":"Bulletin of the National Museum of Ethnology","bibliographic_titleLang":"en"}]}]},"item_9_description_4":{"attribute_name":"抄録","attribute_value_mlt":[{"subitem_description":"The purpose of this paper is to examine two concepts, which were\nput forward by M. G. Levin and N. N. Cheboksarov in 1950s, in the case\nof the peoples of the Lower Amur and Sakhalin. One is the concept of\n\"\neconomic-cultural types\" and the other is that of \"historicalethnographic\nregions\". These concepts were born in Soviet ethnology in\nthe studies of economic and cultural diversity among the peoples of the\nsame level of socio-economic development.\nDefinition of the concepts by Levin and Cheboksarov is as\nfollows: the economic-cultural type is to be understood as historically\nformed complexes characteristic of a given economy and culture, typical\nfor the peoples living under certain natural geographic conditions, at\na certain level of socio-economic development; the historicalethnographic\nregions are the territories where a definite cultural entity\nwas formed as a result of continued relations among the people inhabiting\nthem, of their influences on one another, and of a similarity in\ntheir historical destiny [LEVIN 1972: 3, 5].\nLevin and Cheboksarov grouped the peoples of northern Siberia into\nfive by the concept of economic-cultural types: 1. hunter-fishermen\nin taiga (Siberian forest), 2. sea mammal hunters in the arctic shore and\nBering sea, 3. fishermen on large rivers, 4. hunter-reindeer-breeders in\ntaiga, and 5. reindeer nomads in tundra. According to them, an examination\nof the major economic-cultural types of northern Siberia and\nthe [Soviet] far East reveals that: 1) the same economic-cultural type may\ndevelop among different peoples, in different, even remote, regions but\nonly under conditions of the same level of development of productive\nforces and of a similar geographic environment; 2) different types in a\nparticular territory have definite historical continuity [succession]—\nunder certain historical conditions one type develops into\nanother, for instance some hunter-fishermen of the forest zone changed\ntheir economic-cultual type to \"hunter-reindeer-breeders\" by introducing\nrenideer-breeding; 3) the cultural traits characteristic of each type form\nin the first place through the orientation of the economy to certain\ngeographic conditions [LEVIN 1972: 5].\nThey also grouped the same peoples by the concept of historicalethnographic\nregions: 1. Yamaro-Taimyr region, 2. Western Siberian\nregion, 3. Sayan-Altayan region, 4. Eastern Siberian region, 5. Kamchatka-\nChukchi region, 6. Amur-Sakhalin region.\nAlthough these two concepts make it possible to classify the peoples\nof Siberia and the Soviet Far East by cultural similarity and diversity,\none can find some defects which must be corrected by examination of\nconcrete cases.\nFor instance, as it stands, the concept of the economic-cultural types\ncannot explain the case of the peoples of Lower Amur and Sakhalin who\nhave complex economic systems. Such a defect was caused by the fact\nthat Levin and Cheboksarov did not systematically examine the productive\nactivities of the peoples of Siberia and the Soviet Far East.\nThey mentioned only five activities: fishing, forest hunting, sea mammal\nhunting, forest rendeer breeding, and tundra rendeer breeding; but it\nis obvious that there are four other activities, i. e. tundra reindeer hunting,\nnomadism in steppe and forest-steppe zone, cultivating with\ndomesticated animals, and plant collecting. Each activity has not only\neconomic meaning but has its own cultural phenomena and activities.\nIn this paper I have made a typology of these productive activities and\ntheir respective cultures and called it \"fundamental types of productive\nactivity and culture\". There are nine types in Siberia and the Soviet Far\nEast, because each of the above mentioned activities has its own cultural\nset and can be considered a distinct type.\nEconomic systems of the peoples of Siberia and the Soviet Far East\nconsist of combinations of these nine types, which are determined by\necological and cultural conditions. The economic -cultural type, which\nclearly show the relation between the economic system and culture, can\nbe defined as a combination of some of the fundamental types of productive\nactivity and culture.\nFrom such a point of view, the \"economic-cultural types\" of the\npeoples of Lower Amur and Sakhalin can be grouped as follows: a) combination\nof fishing, forest hunting, cultivationg with domesticated\nanimals, and plant collecting (Nanais of Amur, Sungari and Ussuri); b)\ncombination of fishing, forest hunting, sea mammal hunting, and plant\ncollecting (Ul'chi, Nivkhi, Orochi, Ainu, and Negidals), c) combination\nof fishing, forest hunting, sea mammal hunting, forest rendeer breeding,\nand plant collecting (Uilta and Evenki), d) forest hunting, fishing, plant\ncolledting (Udehes, a part of Nanais and Negidals, and Uilta and Evenki\nwithout rendeer).\nAn examination of these corrected \"economic-cultural types\"\nreveals that: 1) each type is fundamentally determined by the ecological\nsystem of the region; 2) it is often determined also by cultural and\nhistorical conditions, e. g., cultural interactions, development of productive\nforce and technology, etc.; 3) the same economic-cultural type rarely\nappears in regions geographically distant from each other (in contrast to\n\"fundamental types of the productive activity and culture\" which are\ncommon to regions distant from each other); 4) it is possible for a region\nto change or step up from one type to another. Such a case is typically\ncaused by the adoption of new productive activities or the technological\ndevelopment of present activities.\nIn the case of the peoples of Lower Amur and Sakhalin some\ncultural elements concerning their productive activities or economic\nsystems, e. g. foods, fishing and hunting tools, utensils, and so on, are\ncommon to this area. This is because the people has formed a trade area\nsince the 17th century in this region and they trade or exchange their products\nto provide each other with indespensable things of their daily life.\nSuch a fact could be one of the factors which made this area one of the\nhistorical-ethnographic regions.\nAs to the concept of the historical-ethnographic regions, there is a\ncriticism that each region has been identified by the author's impression\n[大林 1990a: 51]. In fact, Levin and Cheboksarov did not show any\ntheoretical basis to distinguish the above mentioned six regions of the\nSiberian peoples. They proposed this concept in order to classify the\npeople by the cultural elements and historical factors which are common\namong the people of the region but which have nothing to do with\necological and economic systems. However, Levin and Cheboksarov did\nnot indicate such elements and factors in their works at all.\nIn the case of the peoples of Lower Amur and Sakhalin it is true that\nthere are many cultural elements and characteristics which are common\nand unique to this region, and that therefore this area can be treated as a\ngenuine historical-ethnographic region. However these elements and\ncharacteristics must be concretely shown.\nCluster analysis is an effective way of classifying the cultures of the\nSiberian peoples, because it can quantitatively show the similarity and\ndiversity of cultures. Such analysis reveals distributions of the same or\nsimilar elements and one can clearly find the border of the region.\nThough it is difficult to show all the common elements and their distributions\nin this brief paper, we can guess that there are three types of common\nelements in Lower Amur and Sakhalin; 1) elements of fundamental\ncultural stratum, 2) common elements of various ethnic origins (e. g.\nTungus, Nivkhi, or Ainu origin), and 3) elements of Chinese, Manchu,\nKorean, or Japanese origin.\nIt is also necessary to review the political and economic history of\nthe given areas. The border of the historical-ethnographic region is\noften decided by political borders or economic areas.\nIn the case of Lower Amur and Sakhalin, the rule of the Qing dynasty\n(17th century—middle of 19th century) was decisive in creating a typical\nhistorical-ethnographic region. The Nerchinsk treaty (1689) obstructed\nthe invasion of the Russians to this region, and the dynasty prohibited\nthe immigration of other peoples of the empire to northeastern Manchuria\nin order to monopolize the fur trade in this area. It was only a\nfew administrators and merchants who could visit there and have contact\nand trade with the people of this region.\nSuch a policy encouraged the trade activity of the people of Lower\nAmur and Sakhalin to fourish. They traded not only with each other\nbut also with the Chinese, Manchu, and Japanese traders at the entrances\nof this region. The native traders exchanged ,products of each\narea and provided the people with various things from China, Manchuria,\nand Japan. Their activity mixed many different cultures, and\ndistributed them all over the region. It is inevitable that the political\nborder coincided with that of the historical-ethnographic region in the\ncase of Lower Amur and Sskhalin.\nIn conclusion, we point out as follows: 1) by adopting the concept\nof fundamental types of productive activity and culture, it becomes possible\nto make a typology of economic systems and cultures of the peoples\nwith complex economic systems, and it becomes easier to examine the\necological and historical factors which determined the characteristics of\neach type; 2) the historical and ethnic background of the historicalethnographic\nregion can be clearly shown in the case of Lower Amur and\nSakhalin. Cluster analysis and reexamination of regional history help us\nto identify an area which has common history and cultural elements, not\ninfluenced by ecological factors.","subitem_description_language":"en","subitem_description_type":"Abstract"}]},"item_9_identifier_registration":{"attribute_name":"ID登録","attribute_value_mlt":[{"subitem_identifier_reg_text":"10.15021/00004266","subitem_identifier_reg_type":"JaLC"}]},"item_9_publisher_33":{"attribute_name":"出版者","attribute_value_mlt":[{"subitem_publisher":"国立民族学博物館","subitem_publisher_language":"ja"}]},"item_9_publisher_34":{"attribute_name":"出版者（英）","attribute_value_mlt":[{"subitem_publisher":"National Museum of Ethnology","subitem_publisher_language":"en"}]},"item_9_source_id_10":{"attribute_name":"書誌レコードID","attribute_value_mlt":[{"subitem_source_identifier":"AN00091943","subitem_source_identifier_type":"NCID"}]},"item_9_source_id_8":{"attribute_name":"ISSN","attribute_value_mlt":[{"subitem_source_identifier":"0385-180X","subitem_source_identifier_type":"ISSN"}]},"item_9_version_type_16":{"attribute_name":"著者版フラグ","attribute_value_mlt":[{"subitem_version_resource":"http://purl.org/coar/version/c_970fb48d4fbd8a85","subitem_version_type":"VoR"}]},"item_creator":{"attribute_name":"著者","attribute_type":"creator","attribute_value_mlt":[{"creatorAffiliations":[{"affiliationNames":[{}]}],"creatorNames":[{"creatorName":"C. , Сасаки","creatorNameLang":"ru"},{"creatorName":"Sasaki, Shiro","creatorNameLang":"en"},{"creatorName":"佐々木, 史郎","creatorNameLang":"ja"},{"creatorName":"ササキ, シロウ","creatorNameLang":"ja-Kana"}],"familyNames":[{},{},{},{}],"givenNames":[{},{},{},{}],"nameIdentifiers":[{},{},{},{}]}]},"item_files":{"attribute_name":"ファイル情報","attribute_type":"file","attribute_value_mlt":[{"accessrole":"open_date","date":[{"dateType":"Available","dateValue":"2015-11-19"}],"displaytype":"detail","filename":"KH_016_2_002.pdf","filesize":[{"value":"3.4 MB"}],"format":"application/pdf","licensetype":"license_note","mimetype":"application/pdf","url":{"label":"KH_016_2_002.pdf","url":"https://minpaku.repo.nii.ac.jp/record/4274/files/KH_016_2_002.pdf"},"version_id":"e2df7b5a-594f-40e0-a47c-5339bf0ebcb4"}]},"item_keyword":{"attribute_name":"キーワード","attribute_value_mlt":[{"subitem_subject":"経済・文化類型｜生業・文化基本類型｜歴史・民族誌的領域｜アムール川下流域｜サハリン","subitem_subject_scheme":"Other"}]},"item_language":{"attribute_name":"言語","attribute_value_mlt":[{"subitem_language":"jpn"}]},"item_resource_type":{"attribute_name":"資源タイプ","attribute_value_mlt":[{"resourcetype":"departmental bulletin paper","resourceuri":"http://purl.org/coar/resource_type/c_6501"}]},"item_title":"アムール川下流域とサハリンにおける文化類型と文化領域 : レーヴィン，チェボクサロフの「経済・文化類型」と「歴史・民族誌的領域」の再検討","item_titles":{"attribute_name":"タイトル","attribute_value_mlt":[{"subitem_title":"アムール川下流域とサハリンにおける文化類型と文化領域 : レーヴィン，チェボクサロフの「経済・文化類型」と「歴史・民族誌的領域」の再検討","subitem_title_language":"ja"},{"subitem_title":"A Study of Cultural Types and Cultural Areas in Lower Amur and Sakhalin Reexamination of the Concept of “Economic Cultural Types” and “Historical Ethnographic Regions”","subitem_title_language":"en"}]},"item_type_id":"9","owner":"17","path":["441"],"pubdate":{"attribute_name":"PubDate","attribute_value":"2010-02-16"},"publish_date":"2010-02-16","publish_status":"0","recid":"4274","relation_version_is_last":true,"title":["アムール川下流域とサハリンにおける文化類型と文化領域 : レーヴィン，チェボクサロフの「経済・文化類型」と「歴史・民族誌的領域」の再検討"],"weko_creator_id":"17","weko_shared_id":-1},"updated":"2023-09-21T01:40:25.502100+00:00"}