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アムール川下流域諸民族の社会・文化における清朝支配の影響について
https://doi.org/10.15021/00004298
https://doi.org/10.15021/000042983ae33a5f-c50b-4457-9a7a-b83f5036a99c
| 名前 / ファイル | ライセンス | アクション |
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KH_014_3_002.pdf (7.4 MB)
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| Item type | 紀要論文 / Departmental Bulletin Paper(1) | |||||||||||||||
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| 公開日 | 2010-02-16 | |||||||||||||||
| タイトル | ||||||||||||||||
| タイトル | アムール川下流域諸民族の社会・文化における清朝支配の影響について | |||||||||||||||
| タイトル | ||||||||||||||||
| タイトル | Society and Culture of Peoples of the Lower Amur under the Rule of the Qing Dynasty | |||||||||||||||
| 言語 | en | |||||||||||||||
| 言語 | ||||||||||||||||
| 言語 | jpn | |||||||||||||||
| 資源タイプ | ||||||||||||||||
| 資源タイプ識別子 | http://purl.org/coar/resource_type/c_6501 | |||||||||||||||
| 資源タイプ | departmental bulletin paper | |||||||||||||||
| ID登録 | ||||||||||||||||
| ID登録 | 10.15021/00004298 | |||||||||||||||
| ID登録タイプ | JaLC | |||||||||||||||
| 著者 |
佐々木, 史郎
× 佐々木, 史郎
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| 抄録 | ||||||||||||||||
| 内容記述タイプ | Abstract | |||||||||||||||
| 内容記述 | The influence of the rule of the Qing empire (the dynasty established by the Manchus, 1616-1912) on the people of the Lower Amur and Sahalin has been long neglected by the many researchers engaged in ethnological and anthropological studies of that region. However, it is a very important problem in this field. Until the middle of the 19th-century, contact with the Manchus and their government was indispensable to those peoples. Their material culture, social life, and even religious life were dependent on the rule of the Qing dynasty. The societies and cultures which researchers have investigated since the end of the 19th-century was formed under the strong influence of the rule of the Qing empire. In this paper I examine the ruling system of the Qing dynasty that governed the peoples of the Lower Amur and Sahalin, and evaluate its influence on their societies and cultures. Territorial expansion of Manchu empire to the lower Amur basin began in the end of the 16th-century. But it took about 150 years to construct the ruling system which was finally established in the middle of the 18th-century, since the Manchus had to contest possession of the Amur basin with the Russians. The principal purpose of the rule of this region was to collect regularly sable furs, which was in great demand in the palace of the Qing dynasty. In the ruling system, people were registered in clans and villages, officially recognized by the government. In each the government appointed the chief, hala i da (clan chief) and gafan da (village chief), who were expected to keep order in their community, to collect sable furs from every registered member, and to take them to a local office of the government (e.g., Ningguta, Sansin, or Kiji) every year. This system played very important role in daily life of the peoples of the Lower Amur and Sahalin during the 18th- and the 19th-centuries. For example, it changed their clothing culture. Cotton or silk costumes, which were given by the Manchu government as gifts against payment of sable furs, were so widely distributed in the 18th- and the 19th-centuries that they became one of the main materials of clothing, together with fish skin and animal fur, materials traditionally used. When worn out and no longer usable as one costume, pieces of silk or cotton were sewn into fish skin or animal fur clothes as ornaments. In addition, government of the Qing dynasty also provided those who came to the local office to sell sable furs, with rice, flour, bread, beans, and so on. Though such food was not enough to change their food culture, rice and flour were largely distributed among the peoples of the Lower Amur and Sahalin. The society was also influenced or even changed by the ruling system. All the Tungus-speaking peoples of this region had a patrilineal clan (hala or xala) and villages (gafan, gasyan or gassa) just like those of the Manchus. The Manchu governors found the same functions in these organizations as their own, and used them in their ruling system. They identified each of the people in clans and villages who were to pay sable furs, and recognized them as official organizations. As a result this system defined characters and functions of their clans and villages. Generally speaking, patrilineal descent groups, like clans or lineages, are not stable organizations and often repeat integration and segmentation during several generations. Clans of the Nivkhi (Gilyaks), kxal, who had never been under the control of any external nations, though they had lived in the Lower Amur basin for a long time, were in such a condition when Russian ethnologists investigated them in the end of the 19thcentury. There were numerous small clans or lineages in their society. However, the clans of the people who paid sable furs to the Qing government, for example the Nanai (Golds), were comparatively stable. Several large clans in Nanai society have existed since the middle of the 17th-century. The Qing government restrained their free integration and disintegration, in order to maintain the ruling system. As is demonstrated in this paper, the ruling system of the Qing government in the 18th- and the 19th-centuries had a large influence on the societies and the cultures of the peoples of the Lower Amur and Sahalin. The rule of the Qing empire, which lasted for more than 200 years, had something to do with ethnic processes of this area. |
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| 書誌情報 |
国立民族学博物館研究報告 en : Bulletin of the National Museum of Ethnology 巻 14, 号 3, p. 671-771, 発行日 1990-02-28 |
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| 出版者 | ||||||||||||||||
| 出版者 | 国立民族学博物館 | |||||||||||||||
| 出版者（英） | ||||||||||||||||
| 出版者 | National Museum of Ethnology | |||||||||||||||
| ISSN | ||||||||||||||||
| 収録物識別子タイプ | ISSN | |||||||||||||||
| 収録物識別子 | 0385-180X | |||||||||||||||
| 書誌レコードID | ||||||||||||||||
| 収録物識別子タイプ | NCID | |||||||||||||||
| 収録物識別子 | AN00091943 | |||||||||||||||
| 著者版フラグ | ||||||||||||||||
| 出版タイプ | VoR | |||||||||||||||
| 出版タイプResource | http://purl.org/coar/version/c_970fb48d4fbd8a85 | |||||||||||||||
