{"created":"2023-06-20T15:59:12.670084+00:00","id":4306,"links":{},"metadata":{"_buckets":{"deposit":"18ceb95b-cca7-4163-a85a-d17864e0bd0b"},"_deposit":{"created_by":17,"id":"4306","owners":[17],"pid":{"revision_id":0,"type":"depid","value":"4306"},"status":"published"},"_oai":{"id":"oai:minpaku.repo.nii.ac.jp:00004306","sets":["345:448"]},"author_link":["79"],"item_9_biblio_info_7":{"attribute_name":"書誌情報","attribute_value_mlt":[{"bibliographicIssueDates":{"bibliographicIssueDate":"1990-02-28","bibliographicIssueDateType":"Issued"},"bibliographicIssueNumber":"3","bibliographicPageEnd":"771","bibliographicPageStart":"671","bibliographicVolumeNumber":"14","bibliographic_titles":[{"bibliographic_title":"国立民族学博物館研究報告"},{"bibliographic_title":"Bulletin of the National Museum of Ethnology","bibliographic_titleLang":"en"}]}]},"item_9_description_4":{"attribute_name":"抄録","attribute_value_mlt":[{"subitem_description":"The influence of the rule of the Qing empire (the dynasty\nestablished by the Manchus, 1616-1912) on the people of the\nLower Amur and Sahalin has been long neglected by the many\nresearchers engaged in ethnological and anthropological studies\nof that region. However, it is a very important problem in this\nfield.\nUntil the middle of the 19th-century, contact with the\nManchus and their government was indispensable to those\npeoples. Their material culture, social life, and even religious\nlife were dependent on the rule of the Qing dynasty. The\nsocieties and cultures which researchers have investigated since\nthe end of the 19th-century was formed under the strong influence\nof the rule of the Qing empire.\nIn this paper I examine the ruling system of the Qing\ndynasty that governed the peoples of the Lower Amur and\nSahalin, and evaluate its influence on their societies and cultures.\nTerritorial expansion of Manchu empire to the lower Amur\nbasin began in the end of the 16th-century. But it took about\n150 years to construct the ruling system which was finally\nestablished in the middle of the 18th-century, since the Manchus\nhad to contest possession of the Amur basin with the Russians.\nThe principal purpose of the rule of this region was to collect\nregularly sable furs, which was in great demand in the palace of\nthe Qing dynasty. In the ruling system, people were registered\nin clans and villages, officially recognized by the government.\nIn each the government appointed the chief, hala i da (clan chief)\nand gafan da (village chief), who were expected to keep order\nin their community, to collect sable furs from every registered\nmember, and to take them to a local office of the government\n(e.g., Ningguta, Sansin, or Kiji) every year.\nThis system played very important role in daily life of the\npeoples of the Lower Amur and Sahalin during the 18th- and\nthe 19th-centuries.\nFor example, it changed their clothing culture. Cotton or\nsilk costumes, which were given by the Manchu government as\ngifts against payment of sable furs, were so widely distributed in\nthe 18th- and the 19th-centuries that they became one of the\nmain materials of clothing, together with fish skin and animal fur,\nmaterials traditionally used. When worn out and no longer\nusable as one costume, pieces of silk or cotton were sewn into\nfish skin or animal fur clothes as ornaments.\nIn addition, government of the Qing dynasty also provided\nthose who came to the local office to sell sable furs, with rice,\nflour, bread, beans, and so on. Though such food was not\nenough to change their food culture, rice and flour were largely\ndistributed among the peoples of the Lower Amur and Sahalin.\nThe society was also influenced or even changed by the\nruling system. All the Tungus-speaking peoples of this region\nhad a patrilineal clan (hala or xala) and villages (gafan, gasyan or\ngassa) just like those of the Manchus. The Manchu governors\nfound the same functions in these organizations as their own, and\nused them in their ruling system. They identified each of the\npeople in clans and villages who were to pay sable furs, and\nrecognized them as official organizations. As a result this system\ndefined characters and functions of their clans and villages.\nGenerally speaking, patrilineal descent groups, like clans or\nlineages, are not stable organizations and often repeat integration\nand segmentation during several generations. Clans of the\nNivkhi (Gilyaks), kxal, who had never been under the control\nof any external nations, though they had lived in the Lower\nAmur basin for a long time, were in such a condition when\nRussian ethnologists investigated them in the end of the 19thcentury.\nThere were numerous small clans or lineages in their\nsociety. However, the clans of the people who paid sable\nfurs to the Qing government, for example the Nanai (Golds),\nwere comparatively stable. Several large clans in Nanai\nsociety have existed since the middle of the 17th-century. The\nQing government restrained their free integration and disintegration,\nin order to maintain the ruling system.\nAs is demonstrated in this paper, the ruling system of the\nQing government in the 18th- and the 19th-centuries had a large\ninfluence on the societies and the cultures of the peoples of the\nLower Amur and Sahalin. The rule of the Qing empire, which\nlasted for more than 200 years, had something to do with ethnic\nprocesses of this area.","subitem_description_type":"Abstract"}]},"item_9_identifier_registration":{"attribute_name":"ID登録","attribute_value_mlt":[{"subitem_identifier_reg_text":"10.15021/00004298","subitem_identifier_reg_type":"JaLC"}]},"item_9_publisher_33":{"attribute_name":"出版者","attribute_value_mlt":[{"subitem_publisher":"国立民族学博物館"}]},"item_9_publisher_34":{"attribute_name":"出版者（英）","attribute_value_mlt":[{"subitem_publisher":"National Museum of Ethnology"}]},"item_9_source_id_10":{"attribute_name":"書誌レコードID","attribute_value_mlt":[{"subitem_source_identifier":"AN00091943","subitem_source_identifier_type":"NCID"}]},"item_9_source_id_8":{"attribute_name":"ISSN","attribute_value_mlt":[{"subitem_source_identifier":"0385-180X","subitem_source_identifier_type":"ISSN"}]},"item_9_version_type_16":{"attribute_name":"著者版フラグ","attribute_value_mlt":[{"subitem_version_resource":"http://purl.org/coar/version/c_970fb48d4fbd8a85","subitem_version_type":"VoR"}]},"item_creator":{"attribute_name":"著者","attribute_type":"creator","attribute_value_mlt":[{"creatorAffiliations":[{"affiliationNameIdentifiers":[{"affiliationNameIdentifier":""}],"affiliationNames":[{"affiliationName":""}]}],"creatorNames":[{"creatorName":"C. , Сасаки ","creatorNameLang":"ru"},{"creatorName":"Sasaki, Shiro","creatorNameLang":"en"},{"creatorName":"佐々木, 史郎","creatorNameLang":"ja"},{"creatorName":"ササキ, シロウ","creatorNameLang":"ja-Kana"}],"familyNames":[{},{},{},{}],"givenNames":[{},{},{},{}],"nameIdentifiers":[{},{},{},{}]}]},"item_files":{"attribute_name":"ファイル情報","attribute_type":"file","attribute_value_mlt":[{"accessrole":"open_date","date":[{"dateType":"Available","dateValue":"2015-11-19"}],"displaytype":"detail","filename":"KH_014_3_002.pdf","filesize":[{"value":"7.4 MB"}],"format":"application/pdf","licensetype":"license_note","mimetype":"application/pdf","url":{"label":"KH_014_3_002.pdf","url":"https://minpaku.repo.nii.ac.jp/record/4306/files/KH_014_3_002.pdf"},"version_id":"87074ac9-a0b4-45ad-8ece-25d3aa7c8ef2"}]},"item_language":{"attribute_name":"言語","attribute_value_mlt":[{"subitem_language":"jpn"}]},"item_resource_type":{"attribute_name":"資源タイプ","attribute_value_mlt":[{"resourcetype":"departmental bulletin paper","resourceuri":"http://purl.org/coar/resource_type/c_6501"}]},"item_title":"アムール川下流域諸民族の社会・文化における清朝支配の影響について","item_titles":{"attribute_name":"タイトル","attribute_value_mlt":[{"subitem_title":"アムール川下流域諸民族の社会・文化における清朝支配の影響について"},{"subitem_title":"Society and Culture of Peoples of the Lower Amur under the Rule of the Qing Dynasty","subitem_title_language":"en"}]},"item_type_id":"9","owner":"17","path":["448"],"pubdate":{"attribute_name":"公開日","attribute_value":"2010-02-16"},"publish_date":"2010-02-16","publish_status":"0","recid":"4306","relation_version_is_last":true,"title":["アムール川下流域諸民族の社会・文化における清朝支配の影響について"],"weko_creator_id":"17","weko_shared_id":-1},"updated":"2023-08-25T00:54:41.338456+00:00"}