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ハワイ諸島の国家形成と人口論的基盤
https://doi.org/10.15021/00004208
https://doi.org/10.15021/00004208916d8747-523c-4176-8a2b-9ddae933f387
| 名前 / ファイル | ライセンス | アクション |
|---|---|---|
KH_019_1_002.pdf (2.9 MB)
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| Item type | 紀要論文 / Departmental Bulletin Paper(1) | |||||||||||
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| 公開日 | 2010-02-16 | |||||||||||
| タイトル | ||||||||||||
| タイトル | ハワイ諸島の国家形成と人口論的基盤 | |||||||||||
| タイトル | ||||||||||||
| タイトル | State Formation and Its Demographic Basis in the Hawaiian Islands | |||||||||||
| 言語 | en | |||||||||||
| 言語 | ||||||||||||
| 言語 | jpn | |||||||||||
| キーワード | ||||||||||||
| 主題Scheme | Other | |||||||||||
| 主題 | ポリネシア｜ハワイ｜国家形成｜人口｜領域構成 | |||||||||||
| キーワード | ||||||||||||
| 言語 | en | |||||||||||
| 主題Scheme | Other | |||||||||||
| 主題 | Polynesia｜Hawaii｜state formation｜demography｜territorial organization | |||||||||||
| 資源タイプ | ||||||||||||
| 資源タイプ識別子 | http://purl.org/coar/resource_type/c_6501 | |||||||||||
| 資源タイプ | departmental bulletin paper | |||||||||||
| ID登録 | ||||||||||||
| ID登録 | 10.15021/00004208 | |||||||||||
| ID登録タイプ | JaLC | |||||||||||
| 著者 |
後藤, 明
× 後藤, 明
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| 抄録 | ||||||||||||
| 内容記述タイプ | Abstract | |||||||||||
| 内容記述 | When Captain Cook arrived at the Hawaiian Islands in the late 18th century, he encountered the societies organized with highly developed politic-economic structures. Although the technological basis was not different from that of other Polynesian societies, the Hawaiian societies were characterized by such aspects as : 1. differentiation between chiefs and commoners, 2. stratification among chiefs, 3. presence of political, religious, military, and technological specialists, 4. feudal taxation and land system, and 5. large scale rituals. In addition, the territorial sizes and populations among the Hawaiian societies at the contact period exceeded those of other Polynesian societies. All of these suggest that the Hawaiian societies are situated within the category of "complex chiefdoms" or "early states." There are statistics and estimates on territorial sizes and populations of the Hawaiian societies at the contact period. But literary information does not offer clear pictures on the distribution of the populations within islands. The size and structure of residential units among the commoners has not been explicated, either. In the Hawaiian Islands, trade wind, volcanic activities, sea currents, presence of high mountains, local variation of precipitation, etc., produce rather heterogeneous environments. In accordance with these natural factors, production systems show a substantial variation in their size and distribution, and the distribution of the populations must also have been heterogeneous. One of the themes of this paper is to analyze the distribution of populations by examining the natural factors and site distribution. For the above purpose, analyses have been made of topography, precipitation, soil patterns, division of districts, the distribution of production systems, and the distribution of archaeological sites (shrine sites, heiau) in the Island of O`ahu. It has been indicated that the distribution of the population was closely associated with the soil patterns and productions systems, and that concentrations of population are found at the central areas of each district. Since some luakini heiaus (shrines for human sacrifice and for chieftain rituals) are located around these areas, the chiefs seem to have resided in the same areas. On the other hand, some other luakini heiaus were constructed within 2 km range of district boundaries. It seems that these shrines had specific social functions, i.e. territorial division, in relation to war rituals performed by chiefs and chiefly priests. The frequent warfare in Proto- Historic Period seems to have required this symbolic means to mark spatial division. Analyses have also been made of the distribution and ratio of two types of residential structures, sleeping houses (hale noa) and men's eating houses (mua) . It has been estimated that residential groups among the commoners consisted of from 3 to 7 households, and that the size of these groups ranged from 30 to 40 people. Also the largest communities in the Hawaiian Islands might comprise from 400 to 500 people, and this size was not substantially different from those of other Polynesian societies. Commoners thus continued to practice productive activities in relatively small residential groups and communities. Chiefs, on the other hand, had been differentiated from commoners by "longdistance (e.g. inter island) marriage," and post-war land redistribution. Since the initial settlement of the Hawaiian Islands, the expansion of territories and increase of populations were clearly the critical factors for social changes, but the relevance of these factors to other sociocultural aspects is still an unsolved question. Social functions of chiefs (e.g. irrigation managers, redistributors, etc.) have been discounted as a " prime-mover" of social stratification. The relevance of the size of territory/ population and the increased necessity of information control seems to be one of the alternative explanations. The development of rituals and spatial division seen in the heiau distribution could be understood in the context of information processing. In other parts of the world, it has recently been shown that the process of state formation was not unilinear, that is, there could be a cyclic "up and down" in territory and population size in the long run. The Hawaiian case offers another example. Besides the concepts of "chiefdom" and "state," cross-cultural models on the process of state formation seem to need serious reconsiderations. |
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| 書誌情報 |
国立民族学博物館研究報告 en : Bulletin of the National Museum of Ethnology 巻 19, 号 1, p. 19-60, 発行日 1994-08-25 |
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| 出版者 | ||||||||||||
| 出版者 | 国立民族学博物館 | |||||||||||
| 出版者（英） | ||||||||||||
| 出版者 | National Museum of Ethnology | |||||||||||
| ISSN | ||||||||||||
| 収録物識別子タイプ | ISSN | |||||||||||
| 収録物識別子 | 0385-180X | |||||||||||
| 書誌レコードID | ||||||||||||
| 収録物識別子タイプ | NCID | |||||||||||
| 収録物識別子 | AN00091943 | |||||||||||
| 著者版フラグ | ||||||||||||
| 出版タイプ | VoR | |||||||||||
| 出版タイプResource | http://purl.org/coar/version/c_970fb48d4fbd8a85 | |||||||||||
