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日本語の混合的特徴 : オーストロネシア祖語から古代日本語へ音法則と意味変化
https://doi.org/10.15021/00003865
https://doi.org/10.15021/000038650f1d0ae2-b069-47c2-af04-1e8fd9d98942
| 名前 / ファイル | ライセンス | アクション |
|---|---|---|
KH_036_3_002.pdf (1.3 MB)
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| Item type | 紀要論文 / Departmental Bulletin Paper(1) | |||||||||||
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| 公開日 | 2012-07-30 | |||||||||||
| タイトル | ||||||||||||
| タイトル | 日本語の混合的特徴 : オーストロネシア祖語から古代日本語へ音法則と意味変化 | |||||||||||
| タイトル | ||||||||||||
| タイトル | Japanese as a mixed language : sound law and semantic change from Proto Austronesian to Ancient Japanese | |||||||||||
| 言語 | en | |||||||||||
| 言語 | ||||||||||||
| 言語 | jpn | |||||||||||
| キーワード | ||||||||||||
| 主題Scheme | Other | |||||||||||
| 主題 | マライ・ポリネシア祖語 | |||||||||||
| キーワード | ||||||||||||
| 主題Scheme | Other | |||||||||||
| 主題 | 日本語系統 | |||||||||||
| キーワード | ||||||||||||
| 主題Scheme | Other | |||||||||||
| 主題 | 言語接触 | |||||||||||
| キーワード | ||||||||||||
| 主題Scheme | Other | |||||||||||
| 主題 | ハ行転呼音 | |||||||||||
| キーワード | ||||||||||||
| 主題Scheme | Other | |||||||||||
| 主題 | イネ関連語彙 | |||||||||||
| キーワード | ||||||||||||
| 言語 | en | |||||||||||
| 主題Scheme | Other | |||||||||||
| 主題 | Proto Malayo-Polynesian | |||||||||||
| キーワード | ||||||||||||
| 言語 | en | |||||||||||
| 主題Scheme | Other | |||||||||||
| 主題 | Japanese genealogy | |||||||||||
| キーワード | ||||||||||||
| 言語 | en | |||||||||||
| 主題Scheme | Other | |||||||||||
| 主題 | language contact | |||||||||||
| キーワード | ||||||||||||
| 言語 | en | |||||||||||
| 主題Scheme | Other | |||||||||||
| 主題 | confusion of labials | |||||||||||
| キーワード | ||||||||||||
| 言語 | en | |||||||||||
| 主題Scheme | Other | |||||||||||
| 主題 | rice-related terms | |||||||||||
| 資源タイプ | ||||||||||||
| 資源タイプ識別子 | http://purl.org/coar/resource_type/c_6501 | |||||||||||
| 資源タイプ | departmental bulletin paper | |||||||||||
| ID登録 | ||||||||||||
| ID登録 | 10.15021/00003865 | |||||||||||
| ID登録タイプ | JaLC | |||||||||||
| 著者 |
崎山, 理
× 崎山, 理
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| 抄録 | ||||||||||||
| 内容記述タイプ | Abstract | |||||||||||
| 内容記述 | 日本語は，北方のツングース諸語および南方のオーストロネシア語族の両文 法要素を継承する混合言語である。日本語の系統もこの視点から見直そうとす る動きがすでに始まっている。これまでに発表したいくつかの拙稿では日本語 におけるオーストロネシア系語源の結論部分だけを述べたものが多かったが， 本稿では音法則を中心とした記述に重点を置き，意味変化についても民俗知識 に基づいた説明を行った。引用語例は筆者がすでに述べたものも含まれるが， 多くは本稿で初めて提示するものである。他者によって言及されている語源説 についてはその妥当性を検討した。また，論述の過程において，日本語音韻史 でこれまで隔靴掻痒の感が否めなかったハ行・ワ行歴史的仮名遣いの表記上の 問題点を摘出した。 |
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| 抄録 | ||||||||||||
| 内容記述タイプ | Abstract | |||||||||||
| 内容記述 | That Japanese was formed through a mixture of Tungusic and Austronesian has gradually become clear. While it is said to be difficult to locate Japanese in a particular language family, this may be primarily because of the great length of time over which present-day Japanese was formed. Progress has been hampered by insistence on the “purity” of the language. Modern Japanese was in fact formed through a mixing of languages. After Austronesian first moved from Taiwan into the northern Philippines around B.C. 2500, including the Malayo-Polynesian subfamily, a branch of this group left for the Ryukyu-Japanese Archipelago and first settled in West Japan in the late Jomon period. As people spread northeastward, rice might have carried with them, as evidenced by the early presence of rice cultivation in the southern Taiwan and the northern Philippines around B.C. 2000. Several Austronesian rice-related terms are retained in Japanese while involving semantic changes; for example, Proto Malayo-Polynesian (PMP) *bǝRas ‘husked rice’ became Ancient Japanese (AJ) *fiya-i (Old Japanese (OJ) hiyë ‘Japanese millet’), PMP *pajay ‘rice plant’ to AJ *fasai (OJ hasë/wasë ‘earlyripening rice plant’), and so on. In this paper I focused my concern to show about a hundred cognate words based on regular sound correspondences between Proto Austronesian (PAN) or PMP and AJ, earlier Japanese before the Nara period (A.D. 710- 784), and also to explain semantic changes brought about in AJ from the viewpoint of ethnology. In the case of sound changes from PAN to AJ, the most remarkable is the confusion of phonetically similar phonemes : the distinction between *f /ɸ (the present ha column in kana) and *w (the present wa column), inherited from PAN *p/*b and *w respectively, is suspected of having become disordered mainly in the intervocalic position of AJ and that this confusion carried over into the OJ Man’yo-gana writing system (Japanese syllabaries originated from Chinese characters) used since much earlier in the Nara period. Some words written with the ha column were rewritten with the wa colomn, and vice versa sporadically, to which I pointed out the historically logical etyma tracing back to Austronesian. Another case is the merger of etymologically different phonemes; PAN *R and Proto Tungusic *d seem to have chanced to become one phoneme y in AJ. As characteristics of sound change PAN word-final consonants tend to be dropped in AJ, allowing stems to end with an open syllable. This trend, i.e. apocope, appears as a common phenomenon in Malagasy and Oceanic languages (particularly Polynesian languages), which are found on the geographical rim of the Austronesian distribution. And as a noticeable sound change from PAN the distinction between voiced and voiceless consonants is being lost, and in most languages of Oceania as well as in AJ, this tendency is argued to exist on reliable linguistic evidence. It would not be surprising even if a similar drift has emerged in Austronesian, which extended to Japan’s northernmost tip. The reason why the phonological voiced and voiceless distinction revived at the latest before the Nara period is inexplicable without taking into consideration on language contact and bilingual mixtures brought about in the process of forming the Japanese language after the late Jomon period. I wonder how conservative thought attached to language monogenesis interprets this extraordinary innovation. The pitch accent of Japanese is an important element when considering the origins of the Japanese language. In Austronesian languages roots are basically multisyllabic. I divide AJ vocabularies etymologically originating in PAN/PMP into three groups : group 1 appears to inherit the penultimate syllable of PAN, group 2 the final, and group 3 reflects the whole form. It is interesting that Poi Tsaan (Huihui-hua), a Malayo-Polynesian Chamic language of Hainan Island of China, has phonetically changed to resemble a tonal language retaining in principle the final syllable of PAN (or Proto Cham). This fact gives a crucial insight into the occurrence of an accent after the loss of PAN/PMP syllables in AJ. In a comparative list I classify Austronesian-derived Japanese vocabularies into several categories such as rice-related terms, wind and direction names, and basic color terms. |
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| 書誌情報 |
国立民族学博物館研究報告 en : Bulletin of the National Museum of Ethnology 巻 36, 号 3, p. 353-393, 発行日 2012-02-27 |
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| 出版者 | ||||||||||||
| 出版者 | 国立民族学博物館 | |||||||||||
| 出版者（英） | ||||||||||||
| 出版者 | National Museum of Ethnology | |||||||||||
| ISSN | ||||||||||||
| 収録物識別子タイプ | ISSN | |||||||||||
| 収録物識別子 | 0385-180X | |||||||||||
| 書誌レコードID | ||||||||||||
| 収録物識別子タイプ | NCID | |||||||||||
| 収録物識別子 | AN00091943 | |||||||||||
| 著者版フラグ | ||||||||||||
| 出版タイプ | VoR | |||||||||||
| 出版タイプResource | http://purl.org/coar/version/c_970fb48d4fbd8a85 | |||||||||||
