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農業をめぐる人のカテゴリーと相互関係 : 中部ジャワの一事例
https://doi.org/10.15021/00004572
https://doi.org/10.15021/00004572bd6d0e51-886d-4397-81e8-bb38f3f5b12f
| 名前 / ファイル | ライセンス | アクション |
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KH_003_3_001.pdf (5.0 MB)
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| Item type | 紀要論文 / Departmental Bulletin Paper(1) | |||||||||||
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| 公開日 | 2010-02-16 | |||||||||||
| タイトル | ||||||||||||
| タイトル | 農業をめぐる人のカテゴリーと相互関係 : 中部ジャワの一事例 | |||||||||||
| タイトル | ||||||||||||
| タイトル | Human Categories and Interpersonal Relations in Agriculture : A Case from Rural Central Java | |||||||||||
| 言語 | en | |||||||||||
| 言語 | ||||||||||||
| 言語 | jpn | |||||||||||
| 資源タイプ | ||||||||||||
| 資源タイプ識別子 | http://purl.org/coar/resource_type/c_6501 | |||||||||||
| 資源タイプ | departmental bulletin paper | |||||||||||
| ID登録 | ||||||||||||
| ID登録 | 10.15021/00004572 | |||||||||||
| ID登録タイプ | JaLC | |||||||||||
| 著者 |
関本, 照夫
× 関本, 照夫
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| 抄録 | ||||||||||||
| 内容記述タイプ | Abstract | |||||||||||
| 内容記述 | This paper examines the sociological aspects of agriculture in a rice-growing village of Central Java, and is based on field research conducted by the author from June to December, 1975, in villages near the city of Surakarta. The research area previously belonged to the principality of susuhunan and was dominated by Dutch agricultural enterprises. The area is economically advanced and is characterized by a high population density (1,796 per ㎢) and a relatively high productivity of rice with double or triple cropping. The research was confined to only a few hamlets and is an intensive case study of Javanese rural society. The results should not be generalized for Javanese agriculture as a whole. The paper focuses first on the categories into which people engaged in agriculture are divided, and secondly on the analysis of the properties of each category and their interrelationships. The main categories are: 1. Kuli kenceng, a traditional and surviving category for cultivators of rice fields. During the Dutch colonial era each kuli lancing was alloted two rice fields, each with an area of 0.5 ha. On one plot they cultivated rice and on the other tobacco or sugarcane for the Dutch agricultural enterprise that rented the land from the susuhunan. Although domination by both the susuhunan and the Dutch enterprises disappeared with national independence, the concept of kuli kenceng still survives and the term is used to refer to nominal holders of rice field. It should be noted, however, that each kuli kenceng still holds 0.5 ha of rice fields, but in some cases more than one kuli lancing is found within a single household, and some kuli kenceng live in urban areas, leaving the cultivation of their rice field to villagers. 2. Pitani, also a category of rice field holder. Although the term pitani is broadly equivalent to "farmer," it refers in local usage to rice field holders including those who do not themselves engage in agriculture. This category largely overlaps with kuli kenceng. But those kuli kenceng who live far away are not regarded as pitani, the latter category being reserved' for village inhabitants together with other categories like' village officials (pamong clesa), petty traders (bakul), artisans and traditional workers (tukang) and wage earners (buruh). 3. Pamong clisa, village officials. Each village official is entitled to use official rice field (sawah lungguh) during their period of service. The size of those official rice fields is enough to provide a respectable level of living. Of six officials of the village investigated, five have no private rice field in addition to the official field. Village officials can be distinguished from other villagers by better education and descent from or the some relationship with the traditional lower literati class. In contrast, some wellto- do owner-cultivators of rice fields cannot influence intravillage socio-political relations, because they lack education and have no relationship with the literati. 4. Penggarap, cultivators of rice fields. They are those who control the cultivation of rice fields, regardless of whether they themselves work in the field or hire wage laborers. Some culti-, vators own rice field themselves and others only temporarily rent a field by paying cash in advance (nyiwa). Because of rentals, it is often difficult to discern who now controls the cultivation of individual rice fields. Some cultivators rent additional fields. Others rent out all or part of their rice field for fixed periods to obtain cash to cover the cost of family rituals or to purchase expensive goods such as motorcycles. In some cases, landless ones who cultivate only rented fields are wealthier than small-scale owners of rice fields. 5. Sharecroppers. There are three kinds of sharecropper (siromo, mirtilu, mirapat) according to the form of contract between land owner and sharecropper. Sharecropping is rarer than cash rental, and can be considered as transitional between rental and wage labor. 6. Buruh tani, agricultural wage laborers. Of the total of 73 house- holds in the two hamlets, only 16 own rice fields, 3 village officials have official fields, and 20 households cultivate rice fields. Many villagers engage in agriculture only as wage laborers or make their living by occupations other than agriculture. Cultivators make use of the abundant supply of cheap labor (Rp 150 for males, Rp 100 for females per day). Mobilization of agricultural labor through traditional social institutions like labor exchange or patron-client relations is now being replaced by more strictly economic forms such as arbitrary, day-by-day employment of laborers. In this area the social relationships in agriculture are characterized by five factors; a) standardization of the size of nominal rice field holding; b) separation between land holding and actual land control accelerated by the dominant practice of cash rental, and, as a consequence; c) frequent change of cultivators for any given rice field; d) abundance of cheap landless labor; e) exclusive use of a large area of rice fields by village officials. As a result of factors a—d, social relationships in agriculture can be seen as an accumulation of innumerable interpersonal, dyadic relations. These dyadic relations are limited in contract, not enduring and always optional in that they are fixed not through concrete social institutions but rather through personal choice. Such personalized and complicated relationships might reaffirm the familiar picture of rural Java; "involution," "vagueness" and "a monotonous poverty of social substance ," as depicted by Clifford Geertz. But this considers only the socio-economic aspect of Javanese agriculture and over-simplifies the picture of Javanese rural societies. In order to link the economic aspect of rural life with its socio-political dimension, the rural power structure must be considered. In this core region of the former Mataram Kingdom, the socio-political structure of village societies is largely based on a cultural hierarchy traditionally centered around the court and the aristocrats. Village officials retain a large portion of the official rice field ex officion, ot because they are already at the top of economic hierarchy but because they belong partly to the literati. This paper forms part of a study on social expression of rural Javanese culture. Therefore, the relationship and contradictions between economic and socio-political structures of village societies is discussed in the concluding chapter. The contents of this paper are : I. Introduction II. Geographical and economic setting of agriculture III. Rice field and kuli lancing IV. Ownership and control of rice fields V. Social relations in the process of cultivation VI. Individual households—cases of their life history and agri-culture VII. Conclusion and perspectives |
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| 書誌情報 |
国立民族学博物館研究報告 en : Bulletin of the National Museum of Ethnology 巻 3, 号 3, p. 345-415, 発行日 1979-01-23 |
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| 出版者 | ||||||||||||
| 出版者 | 国立民族学博物館 | |||||||||||
| 出版者（英） | ||||||||||||
| 出版者 | National Museum of Ethnology | |||||||||||
| ISSN | ||||||||||||
| 収録物識別子タイプ | ISSN | |||||||||||
| 収録物識別子 | 0385-180X | |||||||||||
| 書誌レコードID | ||||||||||||
| 収録物識別子タイプ | NCID | |||||||||||
| 収録物識別子 | AN00091943 | |||||||||||
| 著者版フラグ | ||||||||||||
| 出版タイプ | VoR | |||||||||||
| 出版タイプResource | http://purl.org/coar/version/c_970fb48d4fbd8a85 | |||||||||||
