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最適採食戦略 : 食物獲得の行動生態学
https://doi.org/10.15021/00004094
https://doi.org/10.15021/00004094ed82026d-cdeb-4f7d-af03-692484304738
| 名前 / ファイル | ライセンス | アクション |
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KH_024_4_003.pdf (7.0 MB)
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| Item type | 紀要論文 / Departmental Bulletin Paper(1) | |||||||||||
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| 公開日 | 2010-02-16 | |||||||||||
| タイトル | ||||||||||||
| タイトル | 最適採食戦略 : 食物獲得の行動生態学 | |||||||||||
| タイトル | ||||||||||||
| タイトル | Optimal Foraging Strategies : The Behavioral Ecology of Food Acquisition | |||||||||||
| 言語 | en | |||||||||||
| 言語 | ||||||||||||
| 言語 | jpn | |||||||||||
| キーワード | ||||||||||||
| 主題Scheme | Other | |||||||||||
| 主題 | 最適採食理論｜行動生態学｜狩猟採集民｜食餌幅｜パッチ利用｜中心点採食｜リスク｜食物分配｜線形計画法｜無差別曲線分析 | |||||||||||
| キーワード | ||||||||||||
| 言語 | en | |||||||||||
| 主題Scheme | Other | |||||||||||
| 主題 | optimal foraging theory｜behavioral ecology｜human foragers｜diet breadth｜patch use｜central-place foraging｜risk｜food sharing｜linear programming｜indifference curve analysis | |||||||||||
| 資源タイプ | ||||||||||||
| 資源タイプ識別子 | http://purl.org/coar/resource_type/c_6501 | |||||||||||
| 資源タイプ | departmental bulletin paper | |||||||||||
| ID登録 | ||||||||||||
| ID登録 | 10.15021/00004094 | |||||||||||
| ID登録タイプ | JaLC | |||||||||||
| 著者 |
口蔵, 幸雄
× 口蔵, 幸雄
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| 抄録 | ||||||||||||
| 内容記述タイプ | Abstract | |||||||||||
| 内容記述 | 本稿は行動生態学で発達した最適採食理論を人間の食物獲得活動へ適用した 研究のレヴューである。最適採食理論に基づく食物獲得活動の研究では,利用 可能な戦略(行動)の中でどのような戦略が進化するかを予測する最適化分析 が用いられる。ここでは最適採食モデルとして,食餌幅,パッチ選択とパッチ 内時間のモデル,およびこれら古典モデルの仮定を緩和することによって修正 されたモデルとして中心点採食,資源の変動や食物分配とリスクの関係,複数 の「通貨」を取り入れた線形計画法と無差別曲線分析などがあつかわれる。現 在までのところ,最適採食モデルの人間行動への適用事例ではモデルの予測と 実際の観察がうまく一致しないことが多いが,むしろそこから人間行動の特性 を引き出し,モデルを改良することが重要である。 |
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| 抄録 | ||||||||||||
| 内容記述タイプ | Abstract | |||||||||||
| 内容記述 | This article reviews the basic principles of optimal foraging theory and their application to human foraging. The optimization approach used in behavioral ecology assumes that individual foragers behave so as to maximize some currency (usually net rate of energy return per unit of foraging time) which is assumed to correlate with fitness, and employs models consisting of currencies to be maximized, decisions or foraging problems to analyzed, and constraints specifying options available to the foragers and their effects. The classical diet breadth model predicts a set of food resources that maximizes energy return rate under a set of assumptions: a "finegrained" environment (homogeneous resource distribution) , random encounters, mutually exclusive search and handling costs, a rank of all food resource types on the basis of net return rate on encounter, and complete information. While the model can predict qualitative subsistence patterns, such as a fluctuation of diet breadth in accordance with changes in search or handling costs derived from technological changes, many of the quantitative tests have revealed discrepancies between the model's predictions and observed patterns. This is mainly due to the fact that the human foraging patterns in question sometimes violate the assumptions of the model. It is common that male foragers often ignore plant foods that would increase overall energy return rates of foraging if collected. Tests made within a set of animal foods or one of plant foods show close fits between predictions and observations. For a "patchy" environment, where resources are distributed in a heterogeneous fashion, optimal patch use models are used to predict an array of habitats (patches) to be exploited and how long a forager stays in a patch before leaving for another. The optimal patch choice model has the same structure and procedure as those of the optimal diet breadth model, while replacing resource types with patch types. The optimal patch residence time is solved by using the marginal value theorem, which assumes diminishing returns and determines the point at which a forager should leave a depleting patch to search for another one to maximize energy return rate. We can so far find no anthropological studies of patch residence time that meet the assumptions of the marginal value theorem except for one case. Most of the studies incorrectly attempt to predict the proportion of time foragers spend exploiting different patches on the assumption that optimal foragers preferentially allocate foraging time to patches with higher return rates. Relaxing and changing assumptions can modify the classic diet breadth and patch use models. The central-place-foraging model in which foraging is modeled as a trip with a given point (a camp or village) of departure and return is more suited to human foraging than the classic models. Foraging models focused on acquisition and sharing of information about resource conditions among foraging groups and reduction of risk (variance in food consumption) by food sharing, which are unique to human foragers, allow interesting predictions to be made about choice behavior and social interaction. Humans are omnivorous animals and exploit simultaneously various food resources greatly different in nutritional composition. The classic foraging models reduce nutritional values of food only to energy. Most of the critiques of the optimal foraging models have been directed toward this point. The problem of multiple nutrient requirements has been treated with a linear programming model that aims to predict the least costly solution to an economic problem in which resources (labor, energy, raw material, and money) must be allocated among competing activities. Another approach to evaluating food resources along more than one scale is indifference analysis, borrowed from microeconomics. This analysis predicts a utility-maximizing mix of different but complementary and substitutable food resources. Each approach has its strengths and weaknesses. |
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| 書誌情報 |
国立民族学博物館研究報告 en : Bulletin of the National Museum of Ethnology 巻 24, 号 4, p. 767-872, 発行日 2000-03-23 |
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| 出版者 | ||||||||||||
| 出版者 | 国立民族学博物館 | |||||||||||
| 出版者（英） | ||||||||||||
| 出版者 | National Museum of Ethnology | |||||||||||
| ISSN | ||||||||||||
| 収録物識別子タイプ | ISSN | |||||||||||
| 収録物識別子 | 0385-180X | |||||||||||
| 書誌レコードID | ||||||||||||
| 収録物識別子タイプ | NCID | |||||||||||
| 収録物識別子 | AN00091943 | |||||||||||
| 著者版フラグ | ||||||||||||
| 出版タイプ | VoR | |||||||||||
| 出版タイプResource | http://purl.org/coar/version/c_970fb48d4fbd8a85 | |||||||||||
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Cite as
Kuchikura, Yukio, 2000, Optimal Foraging Strategies : The Behavioral Ecology of Food Acquisition: 国立民族学博物館, 767–872 p.
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