@article{oai:minpaku.repo.nii.ac.jp:00004591,
 author = {石毛, 直道 and Ishige, Naomichi},
 issue = {2},
 journal = {国立民族学博物館研究報告, Bulletin of the National Museum of Ethnology},
 month = {Sep},
 note = {Six members of NME, led by N. Ishige, conducted ethnological
research jointly with Patti Mura University, on the Galelan people
of Northern Halmahera. This paper is based on data derived
from that research.
The Galelan people speak Galela, of the North Halmaheran
language group (Non-Austronesian). Principal subsistence activities
are shifting cultivation, extraction of wild sago and fishing.
This paper examines the following aspects of Galelan culture:
1) the environment of the people and their food resources;
2) material culture concerned with food and food processing;
3) value system relating to diet;
4) analysis of cooking techniques;
5) variety of daily food and cooking methods; and
6) a historical reconstruction of food habits (hypothesis building).
The Galelan classify their meals into two categories: staple
food and side dishes. The important staple foods are wild sago
and bananas, together with rice, cassava and sweet potato which
are produced by shifting cultivation. Data from 311 meals
were recorded and analyzed. Results show that the order of importance
of staple foods is: banana (28.8%), rice (17.7%), cassava
(11.7%), sweet potato (8.6%) and others (5.7%). Analysis showed
that taro, yam, Setaria italica Beauv. and a cultivated sub-species of
Job's-teras (Coix l achryma-jobsis p. Mauen T. Kayama) are no longer
important, but that small quantities are cultivated as remnant
crops.
Seventy-two percent of side-dishes consist of fish, whereas
others are plants (cultivated or wild), chicken, deer and wild pig;
the last two obtained through hunting. Domestic animals raised include goats, cattle, chickens, ducks and dogs. Goats, ducks and
cattle are recent introductions. Few pigs are raised owing to the
largely Muslim population.
The following hypothesis of the stages of agricultural development
in Halmahera is advanced : the Togutil tribe belonging to the
North Halmaheran language group, and which inhabits Northern
and Central Halmahera, are now farmers, but were formerly nomads.
Assuming that there was a pre-agricultural stage in
Halmahera, it might have been like the Togutil who depend on
wild sago and hunting, also possibly utilizing wild banana.
The earliest stage of agriculture was probably root crop and
banana cultivation, but taro and yam seem never to have played
an important role as cultigens. More than 60 distinct clones of
domesticated banana are used at present by Galelan society, whereas
only 4 forma of taro and 6 of yam are known. The basic form of
subsistence, which continues to the present, might have been formulated
in this earliest agricultural stage. In the next stage, Job'stears
and Setaria italica were introduced. Neither remains important,
except on ceremonial occasions. In the third stage upland
rice was introduced, and quickly replaced millet.
The Halmahera islands are located on the southeastern border
of rice and millet cultivation. Millet and rice agriculture had
probably been introduced by the 16th century. Following that
stage, New World cultigens such as cassava and sweet potato were introduced, and replaced taros and yams.},
 pages = {159--270},
 title = {ハルマヘラ島，Galela族の食生活},
 volume = {3},
 year = {1978},
 yomi = {イシゲ, ナオミチ}
}