@article{oai:minpaku.repo.nii.ac.jp:00004549,
 author = {野村, 雅一 and Nomura, Masaichi},
 issue = {4},
 journal = {国立民族学博物館研究報告, Bulletin of the National Museum of Ethnology},
 month = {Mar},
 note = {Contrary to the term culture, which has a long history, the word
civilization was created only around the middle of the 18th century,
almost contemporarily in French (civilisation) and in English. The
use of this word represented a new self-awareness, a new vision of
the world, and of Western Europe.
The author distinguishes three basic meanings of civilization:
(1) universal movement toward a certain type of perfection in material,
intellectual and social life (or, in the perfective sense, the
advanced stage in socio-cultural development) ; (2) a summation of
values, knowledge and customs peculiar to a people, nation or region;
and (3) refinement of a way of life, particularly deportment in
social life.
Drawing largely on Norbert Elias' "'Ober den Prozess der
Zivilisation", this paper explores the social origin of the concept
of civilization by examining the interrelationship of the three
meanings, and also by studying such terms as culture, barbarity,
courtesyp, oliteness,a nd the like, which constitute the same semantic
field as civilization. An emphasis is placed on the importance of
the coincidence between the formation of the concept of civilization
and that of the modern civilized style of life among the European
middle-class in the 18th century, as exemplified by table-manners,
the development of personal space (owing partly to the diffusion of
arm-chairs) and the use of second-person plural as a form of address.
The concept of civilization is very closely related to the establishment
of these polite forms of conduct. For the European peasantry
civilized behavior is understood above all as being the good manners
of the urban middle-class. The peasantry was influenced by these
manners, but it also reacted against them.
The dynamic features of interaction between the civilized style
and folk style of life will be discussed in a forthcoming paper, and
exemplified by reference to modern European history.},
 pages = {738--769},
 title = {「文明化」についての試論（上）: ノルベルト・エリアス『文明化の過程』に寄せて},
 volume = {4},
 year = {1980},
 yomi = {ノムラ, マサイチ}
}