@article{oai:minpaku.repo.nii.ac.jp:00004395,
 author = {庄司, 博史 and Shoji , Hiroshi},
 issue = {4},
 journal = {国立民族学博物館研究報告, Bulletin of the National Museum of Ethnology},
 month = {Mar},
 note = {In Cheremis and Votyak it is possible to embed a quotation
into an introductory sentence using the gerund form of the verb
"to say" at the end of quotation. Verbs used as the predicate
of these matrix sentences are not limited to those describing
a verbal act, but they can also be those of thinking and even of
perception or cognition. Thus this gerund form may be
designated as a quotation particle, which corresponds to a complemental
conjunction in Indo-European languages. When
used in these expressions its original lexical meaning (LM) and
syntactical function are no longer distinct. Because of a similar
type of expression in the neighboring Turkic languages, i.e.,
Chuvash and Tatar, this special use of the verb "to say" in these
Uralic languages has been explained as a borrowing from Turkic.
This paper explains the phenomena in terms of internal development
without foreign influence.
The use of this element in its particle-like function can be
classified into four types according to the predicate verb of the
matrix sentence (PV).
1. The LM "to say" of the element may still be overt, when the
PV is a communicative verb;
2. The LM is covertly recognizable, when the PV is a verb of
thinking, which may be interpreted as an internal verbal act;
3. The LM is totally lost when the PV is a perceptive or
cognitive verb. In these cases the element signals the boundary
of the quotation and indicates the relation of it as a complement
to the PV. The particle-like function grows as the LM vanishes;
and
4. The element may, together with a quotation, form a clause
indicating the reason or purpose of the action of the matrix
sentence. Although the element here might appear far developed
as a particle with the purely grammatical function of forming
a final clause, the LM "to say" has not totally disappeared.
The particle-like functions found in the different uses seem to
have developed on the basis of the inherent characteristics of
these languages. The most decisive factors in the development
of it are : 1. the SOV basic word order, which determines the
principal location of a quotation in a sentence and the need of
a post-quotation particle; 2. the existence of the verb "to say"
which itself can follow a quotation immediately; and 3. the
existence of a multifunctional gerund, which can indicate both
coordinative and subordinative relations of the action of a stem
verb to that of a principle verb.
As we see in some languages unconnected with either of the
groups mentioned above, the same kind of particle may develop
from the verb "to say" when provided with these conditions.},
 pages = {1069--1101},
 title = {チェレミス語とヴォチャーク語における引用小辞 : ウラル諸語におけるチュルク的引用表現},
 volume = {10},
 year = {1986},
 yomi = {ショウジ, ヒロシ}
}