@article{oai:minpaku.repo.nii.ac.jp:00004378,
 author = {煎本, 孝 and Irimoto, Takashi},
 issue = {2},
 journal = {国立民族学博物館研究報告, Bulletin of the National Museum of Ethnology},
 month = {Dec},
 note = {The history of the Kingdom of Ladakh, Western Tibet, is
examined from an anthropological point of view. La-dvags-rgyal-
rabs is used as a source for hiStorical-ecological analysis of
the systems of economy, politics, and religion of the kingdom.
The following three results have been found.
(1) INTERRELATIONSHIPS BETWEEN THE SYSTEMS OF ECONOMY,
POLITICS AND RELIGION:
The systems of economy, politics, and religion can be seen as
an integrated system of the kingdom; i.e., a ruling system. This
system of integration was based on the transit trading economy
between Central Asia and India—the sovereign right being
succeeded by the rNam-rgyal dynasty—and the cultural identity
of the people as Buddhist. However, the internal mechanism of
the kingdom was motivated by the antagonism among the
dynasty, the prime, minister and the Buddhist temples. Also,
the rivalry among the local noble families as well as the different
schools of Tibetan Buddhism produced an effect on politics.
(2) RELATION OF THE SYSTEMS TO THE HISTORICAPL PROCESS OF
THE KINGDOM
The historical process of the Kingdom of Ladakh—i.e.,
formation, development and decline—can be seen as the changes
of the system of integration. That is, the formation of the
kingdom was dependent on control over the formerly independent
local chiefs, and the control of trading routes and trading activities.
The development of the kingdom was dependent on the
improvement and expansion of the trading economy, on which
the political system was established. Subsequently, the political
system functioned for the maintenance of the economic system,
through positive feed-back mechanisms. In this stage, the
formation of the strong ruling system was represented by Senge-
rnam-rgyal, the king who concurrently served as prime minister.
The kings supported the religion both on the levels of ideology
and economy. In return, the religious system justified the kingship.
This process could have been indicated by the new role
of the monasteries belonging to anuttara-yoga Buddhism, the nature
of which is secularism and education for the people in general.
These monasteries were founded during the second dynasty
after c. 1400 A.D., the development stage of the kingdom, in
place of yoga-tantra Buddhism, which was solely aimed at individual
enlightenment. The decline of the kingdom was the result of
the dispersion of political authority due to the maturing economy
which at this time functioned towards disintegration of the
political system. This view is different from the traditional
interpretation of the decline of the kingdom, in which disability
of individual kings was said to be a cause of this tragedy. It was
also pointed out that the process of decline of the Kingdom of
Ladakh may be characterized by the fusion of the kingship not
only with the office of prime minister but also with the Buddhist
temples.
(3) THE ECOLOGICAL SINIFICANCE OF THE SYSTEMS
The system of integration of the Kingdom of Ladakh could
be analysed in terms of ecological niche—i.e., ecological location
of the state and its relation to the external world. It has been
revealed that the nature of the ecological niche of the Kingdom
of Ladakh was not the internal completeness of a closed system,
but that it was permeable which enabled the cultural-economic
transmission between Central Asia and India through the Ladakhi
political-religious boundary. The carrier of economy and culture
were the Kashmiri merchants as well as 'A[r]-rgon traders : the
mixed population between Yarkandi merchants and Ladakhi
Women. As traders, they invaded the geographical and political
boundary of the kingdom, but religious identity separated
these Moslem traders from the Buddhist inhabitants in Ladakh.
Therefore, it should be pointed out that religious identity,
functioning as a boundary maintenance mechanism, made
permeability of the north-south cultural-economic transmission
possible, and that it makes the system of integration of the
Kingdom of Ladakh consistent.},
 pages = {403--455},
 title = {ラダック王国史の人類学的考察 : 歴史 生態学的視点},
 volume = {11},
 year = {1986},
 yomi = {イリモト, タカシ}
}