@article{oai:minpaku.repo.nii.ac.jp:00004310,
 author = {塚田, 誠之 and Tsukada, Shigeyuki},
 issue = {2},
 journal = {国立民族学博物館研究報告, Bulletin of the National Museum of Ethnology},
 month = {Oct},
 note = {The Zhuang and Yao have been two major groups among
minorities in Guangxi Province for a long period. However,
there is a marked difference in their relationships with the Han
people: The Zhuang have been strongly influenced by the Han,
whereas the Yao have been relatively little influenced, and have
retained much of their traditional culture. Here the differences
in political, economic and cultural relationships between the
Zhuang, Yao and the Han people are surveyed. I propose to
distinguish four types of the Zhuang and Yao, in terms of ethnic
group, language (dialect) and ecosystem: (1) Zhuang; (2)
plain-dwelling Yao; (3) mountain-dwelling Yao, settled in one
place; and (4) mountain-dwelling Yao, very often shifting over
mountains. I also distinguish three social classes of the Han:
(1) ruling class; (2) landlord; and (3) merchants and farmers
who migrated from other provinces to Guanxi. By using
jointly records of research and the Chinese source materials,
I reached the following conclusions:
(1) On the relationship with the Chinese ruling class, the
Zhuang and the plain-dwelling Yao, like other registered people
of Han, were forcibly entered into the official register, and made
to pay land-taxes, especially after the middle Qing, associated
conditions enabled some of them to rise into the ruling class.
In contrast, the mountain-dwelling Yao of two types were, as
a whole, treated generously by the ruling class, although the
influence of the Han slowly increased after the middle Qing;
(2) On the relationship with the Chinese landlords, the
Zhuang and the plain-dwelling Yao tended to become tenants
of Chinese landlords. This tendency was strengthened after
the middle Qing, and accompanied by the appearance of class
polarization among them—some rose to the landlord class.
On the other hand, the mountain-dwelling Yao were generally
independent of Chinese landlords and class polarization hardly
occured among them, except that a few became tenants of
Chinese landlords;
(3) On the relationship with immigrants, the Zhuang and
the plain-dwelling Yao were under the economic-control of
merchants or landlords who had migrated from other provinces
after the middle Qing, whereas the mountain-dwelling Yao were
not under similar control;
(4) On intermarriage with the Han and transmission of
Han Chinese culture, there was a tendency that the Zhuang and
the plain-dwelling Yao intermarried with the Han Chinese,
and accepted much of Han Chinese culture. However, the
Zhuang retained their own language and the plain-dwelling
Yao retained some folk stories about their ancestors. In contrast,
the mountain-dwelling Yao fundamentally did not intermarry
with the Chinese, except where a Chinese man married into
a Yao woman's family. On the whole, they also maintained
much of their traditional culture, although accepting some
elements of Chinese culture.},
 pages = {453--507},
 title = {中国広西のチュアン（壮）族・ヤオ（瑤）族と漢族との政治＝文化的関係の比較考察 : 1368∼1949年における},
 volume = {14},
 year = {1989},
 yomi = {ツカダ, シゲユキ}
}