{"created":"2023-06-20T15:59:12.626800+00:00","id":4305,"links":{},"metadata":{"_buckets":{"deposit":"2ca5723a-cf23-455e-a981-021afca3b0bc"},"_deposit":{"created_by":17,"id":"4305","owners":[17],"pid":{"revision_id":0,"type":"depid","value":"4305"},"status":"published"},"_oai":{"id":"oai:minpaku.repo.nii.ac.jp:00004305","sets":["345:448"]},"author_link":["61"],"item_9_biblio_info_7":{"attribute_name":"書誌情報","attribute_value_mlt":[{"bibliographicIssueDates":{"bibliographicIssueDate":"1990-02-28","bibliographicIssueDateType":"Issued"},"bibliographicIssueNumber":"3","bibliographicPageEnd":"670","bibliographicPageStart":"519","bibliographicVolumeNumber":"14","bibliographic_titles":[{"bibliographic_title":"国立民族学博物館研究報告"},{"bibliographic_title":"Bulletin of the National Museum of Ethnology","bibliographic_titleLang":"en"}]}]},"item_9_description_4":{"attribute_name":"抄録","attribute_value_mlt":[{"subitem_description":"Numeral systems of Middle American Indian languages\nshow an enormous variety of ways of forming number words.\nBut fundamental methods of counting are quinary, decimal and\nvigesimal. There may, however, exist no language having a pure\nvigesimal system, which would require nineteen different numerals.\nSo-called vigesimal systems generally have a decimal under\ntwenty, and very few languages possess only one system throughout.\nTherefore, terms such as quinary and decimal should be\nused under twenty and that of vigesimal over twenty. That\nis, I discuss separately numeral systems below ten, from ten to\ntwenty, and above twenty. In this paper I limit myself to an\nanalysis of structural features, although I am interested in\ncomparing each vocabulary.\nAs a rule, numeral words are formed from combinations of\nD and U, such as D x U+D, U x D+D, D+D x U, D+U x D.\nIn this expression, the symbols U and D denote the numerals\ncorresponding to the unit- or base-word and the digit or minor\nnumbers, respectively. For example, the number 33 is written\nas 3 x 10+3, of which 3 is D and 10 is U.\nUnder 10, we have two systems, quinary and decimal.\nQuinary systems are observed in Southern Uto-Aztecan,\nTarascan, Northern Otomanguean, Mixe-Zoquean, Sumu and\nCabecar-Chiripo (Fig. 2). But subtraction occurs in the case of\nnine, and multiplicative or duplicative method in numbers 4\nand 8 in northern part of Middle America. Mixe-Zoquean show\na quinary system, but the formation from 7 to 9 seems irregular,\nexcept in Tlahuitoltepec and Classical Mixe. Misquito has\nalso rare system based on 6, for the numbers from 6 to 9.\nFrom 10 to 20, additive constructions with a base of 10 are\ncommon, but both orders of D+U and U+D are attested. The\nformer is seen in Mayan, and the latter in other languages. But\nHuastec, a Mayan language, has U+D order. This must have\nbeen obtained from neighboring languages, such as Totonacan or\nOtomian. The difference in formation of the number words\n11 and 12 divides the Mayan into Lowlands and Highlands.\nNumeral systems of the Southern Otomanguean are purely\ndecimal below 10, but follow the quinary method from 10 to 20\nand counting by twenties from 20 to 100. But Northern\nOtomanguean possess some trace of the quinary method under\n10. The Tlapanec number sequence from 11 through 19\nfollows the Southern Otomanguean pattern, although the\ngenetically related language, Subtiaba shows decimal under 20.\nTherefore, the quinary system mixed with decimal in Tlapanec\nmight have been borrowed from neighboring languages (Fig. 3).\nThorough decimal systems are found in Seri, Northern Uto-\nAztecan languages, and some Chibchan languages. Other\nlanguages show vigesimal systems, of which additive constructions\nwith a preceeding unit (undercounting) are common, and\nadditive constructions with a succeeding unit (overcounting) are\nconfined to Lowland Mayan (including some Highland Mayan)\nand Yatzachi Zapotec (Fig. 4). Classical Zapotec uses a\nsubtractive method for the five numbers below the next unit.\nFrom 20 up, Mayan languages show an interesting formation.\nUndercounting and overcounting are distinguished geographically\n(Fig. 6). Unit words for twenties, such as *k'a l, *winaq,\n*tah- or *may are used differently (Figs. 7-11). Although the\nvigesimal system is predominant throughout Middle America,\nthe center is Mesoamerica and the system of the southern\nlanguages beyond Mesoamerica is different, that is, the coefficients\nfollow the units (U x D).\nAs shown above in the case of Huastec, borrowings are among\nthe best witnesses to past contacts and relationships between or\namong various languages. Many languages have borrowed the\nword for 100 from Spanish, but conserve their own words in the\ncoefficients, just like xun-sye:nta (1ˑ100) in Tzutujil. Even the\nword for 100 is formed from 5 x 20 in some languages, according\nto its system, and interval numbers between the hundreds are\nconserved (Fig. 12). That is, only a counting method by\nhundreds is borrowed. This indicates that only the formation\nprinciple can be borrowed, although borrowing is generally\nexpected in lexical items.\nFrom 20 up, the modern Cakchiquel numeral sequence\nfollows undercounting, whereas Classical Cakchiquel conserved\nan overcounting system. Many languages of highland Maya\nhave a special word, mue' or mue for 80. This is utilized from\n80 to 99 in Modern Cakchiquel, but Classical Cakchiquel used it\nfor the numbers from 61 to 80, as indicated below;\nModern Cakchiquel  \n60 os-k' al                \n61 os-k' al xun          \n80 xu-mue               \n90 xu-muc' laxux\nClassical Cakchiquel\n os-k' al\n xun ru-xu-muc'\n xu-mue\nThis is another excellent example of borrowing of the principle\nof formation of words. In other words, only media, but not\ncontents, are borrowed. That is, structural or formal borrowing\ndoes occur.\nThe diversity and uniformity of the numeral systems are\nshown plainly in the accompanying maps. On the one hand,\ndiversity is attributed to different methods, such as decimalvigesimal,\nquinary-vigesimal, decimal-quinary-vigesimal, and\nthorough decimal. On the other, similar counting methods\nextended beyond language boundaries are the result of borrowing,\nas mentioned above.","subitem_description_type":"Abstract"}]},"item_9_identifier_registration":{"attribute_name":"ID登録","attribute_value_mlt":[{"subitem_identifier_reg_text":"10.15021/00004297","subitem_identifier_reg_type":"JaLC"}]},"item_9_publisher_33":{"attribute_name":"出版者","attribute_value_mlt":[{"subitem_publisher":"国立民族学博物館"}]},"item_9_publisher_34":{"attribute_name":"出版者（英）","attribute_value_mlt":[{"subitem_publisher":"National Museum of Ethnology"}]},"item_9_source_id_10":{"attribute_name":"書誌レコードID","attribute_value_mlt":[{"subitem_source_identifier":"AN00091943","subitem_source_identifier_type":"NCID"}]},"item_9_source_id_8":{"attribute_name":"ISSN","attribute_value_mlt":[{"subitem_source_identifier":"0385-180X","subitem_source_identifier_type":"ISSN"}]},"item_9_version_type_16":{"attribute_name":"著者版フラグ","attribute_value_mlt":[{"subitem_version_resource":"http://purl.org/coar/version/c_970fb48d4fbd8a85","subitem_version_type":"VoR"}]},"item_creator":{"attribute_name":"著者","attribute_type":"creator","attribute_value_mlt":[{"creatorNames":[{"creatorName":"八杉, 佳穂"},{"creatorName":"ヤスギ, ヨシホ","creatorNameLang":"ja-Kana"},{"creatorName":"Yasugi, Yoshiho","creatorNameLang":"en"}],"nameIdentifiers":[{},{},{},{}]}]},"item_files":{"attribute_name":"ファイル情報","attribute_type":"file","attribute_value_mlt":[{"accessrole":"open_date","date":[{"dateType":"Available","dateValue":"2015-11-19"}],"displaytype":"detail","filename":"KH_014_3_001.pdf","filesize":[{"value":"6.5 MB"}],"format":"application/pdf","licensetype":"license_note","mimetype":"application/pdf","url":{"label":"KH_014_3_001.pdf","url":"https://minpaku.repo.nii.ac.jp/record/4305/files/KH_014_3_001.pdf"},"version_id":"c7e3c96a-1bc1-4948-afb6-19d6acdc51bf"}]},"item_language":{"attribute_name":"言語","attribute_value_mlt":[{"subitem_language":"jpn"}]},"item_resource_type":{"attribute_name":"資源タイプ","attribute_value_mlt":[{"resourcetype":"departmental bulletin paper","resourceuri":"http://purl.org/coar/resource_type/c_6501"}]},"item_title":"中米諸語の数体系","item_titles":{"attribute_name":"タイトル","attribute_value_mlt":[{"subitem_title":"中米諸語の数体系"},{"subitem_title":"Numeral Systems of Middle American Indian Languages","subitem_title_language":"en"}]},"item_type_id":"9","owner":"17","path":["448"],"pubdate":{"attribute_name":"公開日","attribute_value":"2010-02-16"},"publish_date":"2010-02-16","publish_status":"0","recid":"4305","relation_version_is_last":true,"title":["中米諸語の数体系"],"weko_creator_id":"17","weko_shared_id":-1},"updated":"2023-06-20T19:28:18.657103+00:00"}