@article{oai:minpaku.repo.nii.ac.jp:00004284,
 author = {森, 雅秀 and Mori, Masahide},
 issue = {4},
 journal = {国立民族学博物館研究報告, Bulletin of the National Museum of Ethnology},
 month = {Mar},
 note = {Indian Tantric Buddhist ritual contains a water-offering
ritual to the deities. This water-offering ritual is also performed
as a part of the abhiseka ceremony and the homa ritual.
Abhayakaragupta (11c-12c) describes this ritual elaborately in
his famous ritual compendium, the Vaircivali-niima-mandalopayika,
and in his homa treatise, the Jyotirmailjari. Similar descriptions
can be found in Jagaddarpana's VajracciryakriyasamuccayaT. his
article outlines the water-offering ritual mainly on the basis of
these works and studies its characteristics.
The water offered to the deities is of four kinds, viz., arghya
(water offered at the reception of an honoured guest), padya
(water for washing the feet), acamana (water for sipping) and
proksana (water for sprinkling). Abhayakaragupta and Jagaddarpana
describe the materials for the water vessels, the
substances added to the water, the position of the vessels, the
method of offering each kind of water and the mantras recited
during the offering. Abhayakaragupta also mentions some
variant opinions about the order of the water-offering and the
body parts of the deities to which the four kinds of water are
offered.
Two points are of special importance in this ritual.
1) Only three vessels are used for four kinds of water, since one
vessel is used for both acamana and proksana. 2) The water jar
called Varvakrtkalaia (jar for all purposes)' contains water which
is not offered to the deity, but sprinkled on the performer and the
ritual implements.
The water-offering ritual has its origin in the ceremonial
reception of special guests already described in the Grhyasatras,
and its counterpart can be found in the puja ritual (worship
service) performed in Hinduism. Three kinds of water, arghya,
padya and acamana, are offered at the reception of a guest and in
the puja. The proksana water is sprinkled not on the deity, but on
the performer and the ritual implements. The acamana water
is offered to the deities for sipping and is also sipped by the
performer.
The water used in these rituals is of two types, water for
offering to the deities and water for the performer's purification.
Arghya and padya belong to the former type and proksana originally
forms part of the latter type. Acamana belongs to both types.
While in Hindu ritual the act of proksana refers to sprinkling
water on the performer, in the water-offering ritual described by
Abhayakaragupta and Jagaddarpana, proksana refers to the
water sprinkled on the deity, and for this purpose water from
the acamana vessel is used. Sprinkling water on the performer
is called abhyuksana and is performed with water from the
sarvakrtkalaia. The proksana water is offered along with three
other kinds of water. However, there is no separate vessel for
proksana, and the water in the acamana vessel is used.},
 pages = {1013--1047},
 title = {インド密教儀礼における水},
 volume = {15},
 year = {1991},
 yomi = {モリ, マサヒデ}
}