{"created":"2023-06-20T15:59:10.958778+00:00","id":4256,"links":{},"metadata":{"_buckets":{"deposit":"f8dbea54-ce02-439e-b7c0-d48be35afc23"},"_deposit":{"created_by":17,"id":"4256","owners":[17],"pid":{"revision_id":0,"type":"depid","value":"4256"},"status":"published"},"_oai":{"id":"oai:minpaku.repo.nii.ac.jp:00004256","sets":["345:437"]},"author_link":["11171"],"item_9_biblio_info_7":{"attribute_name":"書誌情報","attribute_value_mlt":[{"bibliographicIssueDates":{"bibliographicIssueDate":"1992-12-15","bibliographicIssueDateType":"Issued"},"bibliographicIssueNumber":"2","bibliographicPageEnd":"408","bibliographicPageStart":"369","bibliographicVolumeNumber":"17","bibliographic_titles":[{"bibliographic_title":"国立民族学博物館研究報告"},{"bibliographic_title":"Bulletin of the National Museum of Ethnology","bibliographic_titleLang":"en"}]}]},"item_9_description_4":{"attribute_name":"抄録","attribute_value_mlt":[{"subitem_description":"This paper is intended to illustrate how the \"labor migration\" could\ninitiate and accelerate the socio-economic changes of the home country\nof emigrant workers. I will discuss this impact from three dimensions:\nfirst, outflow and absence of emigrant workers from their home country;\nsecond, inflow of remittance, and finally, return of workers. This paper\nis the result of the author's field work and bibliographic study.\nWith the beginning of the 1970s, especially after the \"oil crises\" in\n1973-74, Middle Eastern oil-producing countries entered \"the era of\ndevelopment\" with tremendous pace and scale. This phenomenon\naffected North Yemen (Yemen Arab Republic) , the neighboring Arab-\nIslam, non-oil producing, poor and closed country.\nYemeni Highland societies (70-80% of North Yemen consists of\nmountainous areas) are featured by their isolation from each other and\nalso from the outside world until 1970. Isolation was supported by a\nself-sufficient agricultural economy, minimal social mobility, and an independent\npolitical mind of the tribesmen.\nSince the beginning of the 1970s, the development boom of Saudi\nArabia attracted more than a million workers from Yemen. This means\nabout a half of the Yemeni male labor force was working in Saudi\nArabia. The remittance of Yemeni labors amounted to 13 billion U.S.$\nin the peak year of 1978/79, which was equivalent to 77% of Yemen's\nGDP for that year.\nThe outflow of a young and most energetic labor force caused a\ndecrease of cultivated land and an increase of labor wages domestically.\nAn inflow of remittance resulted in an increase of purchasing power\namong the rural population. This accelerated the penetration of cash into\nisolated villages. The general inflation caused the price of bride to\nsoar, and most young men compelled to emigrate to get married. This\nmade labor migration a \"whole-nation movement\".\nSince most Yemeni emigrant workers were unskilled and single, and\ntheir stay-period in Saudi Arabia was short (less than 5 years) , some\nemigrants began returning from the latter half of the 1970s. Returned\nemigrants brought with them automobiles, generators, drilling machines\nfor water well and other machineries along with dresses for their women,\nstainless knives and forks and electrical appliances for their household\n(most of them were made in Japan) .\nReturning emigrants ventured into new business which had been\nunknown in Yemen, such as taxi, petroleum lorry, gas-filling station,\ncar-repairing, metal window-frame making, and so on. They also\nentered into commerce, which was traditionally considered as an inferior\nwork from the tribal point of view.\nThe self-sufficient cereal producing agriculture shifted into a cashcropping\nand \"Qat\" production, and peasants import cheap flour and\ncanned foods. Social mobility increased with new asphalt roads and\nemigrants' cars. A lot of commodities ranging from Qat leaves to\nsmuggled petrol are flooded on the roads. Commerce and transport\nbecame Yemen's prime industry.\nAfter two decades of these changes, the long-lived isolation of\nYemeni societies has now broken down. Agriculture as a bases of tribal\nsociety is on the decline, and Yemen is now totally dependent upon the\noutside world.\nInternational labor migration is a global issue, and it could be interpreted\nas one of the unique phenomina in the 20th century. The Yemeni\ncase is one of the typical examples of socio-economic impacts of international\nlabor migration on home country.\nDevelopment aid is another unique phenomenon in this century,\nand when we examine the development of the third world countries, we\ncannot ignore the impact of international labor migration. Therefore,\nthe experience of Yemeni labor migration offeres a lot of lessons and implications\nfor us, the aid donors and receivers as well.","subitem_description_type":"Abstract"}]},"item_9_identifier_registration":{"attribute_name":"ID登録","attribute_value_mlt":[{"subitem_identifier_reg_text":"10.15021/00004248","subitem_identifier_reg_type":"JaLC"}]},"item_9_publisher_33":{"attribute_name":"出版者","attribute_value_mlt":[{"subitem_publisher":"国立民族学博物館"}]},"item_9_publisher_34":{"attribute_name":"出版者（英）","attribute_value_mlt":[{"subitem_publisher":"National Museum of Ethnology"}]},"item_9_source_id_10":{"attribute_name":"書誌レコードID","attribute_value_mlt":[{"subitem_source_identifier":"AN00091943","subitem_source_identifier_type":"NCID"}]},"item_9_source_id_8":{"attribute_name":"ISSN","attribute_value_mlt":[{"subitem_source_identifier":"0385-180X","subitem_source_identifier_type":"ISSN"}]},"item_9_version_type_16":{"attribute_name":"著者版フラグ","attribute_value_mlt":[{"subitem_version_resource":"http://purl.org/coar/version/c_970fb48d4fbd8a85","subitem_version_type":"VoR"}]},"item_creator":{"attribute_name":"著者","attribute_type":"creator","attribute_value_mlt":[{"creatorNames":[{"creatorName":"佐藤, 寛"},{"creatorName":"サトウ, ヒロシ","creatorNameLang":"ja-Kana"},{"creatorName":"Sato, K. Hiroshi","creatorNameLang":"en"}],"nameIdentifiers":[{}]}]},"item_files":{"attribute_name":"ファイル情報","attribute_type":"file","attribute_value_mlt":[{"accessrole":"open_date","date":[{"dateType":"Available","dateValue":"2015-11-19"}],"displaytype":"detail","filename":"KH_017_2_005.pdf","filesize":[{"value":"3.3 MB"}],"format":"application/pdf","licensetype":"license_note","mimetype":"application/pdf","url":{"label":"KH_017_2_005.pdf","url":"https://minpaku.repo.nii.ac.jp/record/4256/files/KH_017_2_005.pdf"},"version_id":"38dccd67-fffa-4766-9903-afeb9f268f3f"}]},"item_keyword":{"attribute_name":"キーワード","attribute_value_mlt":[{"subitem_subject":"出稼ぎ労働｜送金｜石油ブーム｜開発｜社会階層","subitem_subject_scheme":"Other"},{"subitem_subject":"labor migration｜remittance｜oil-boom｜development｜social strata","subitem_subject_language":"en","subitem_subject_scheme":"Other"}]},"item_language":{"attribute_name":"言語","attribute_value_mlt":[{"subitem_language":"jpn"}]},"item_resource_type":{"attribute_name":"資源タイプ","attribute_value_mlt":[{"resourcetype":"departmental bulletin paper","resourceuri":"http://purl.org/coar/resource_type/c_6501"}]},"item_title":"「国民的出稼ぎ現象」の社会・経済的影響 : 北イエメンの20年","item_titles":{"attribute_name":"タイトル","attribute_value_mlt":[{"subitem_title":"「国民的出稼ぎ現象」の社会・経済的影響 : 北イエメンの20年"},{"subitem_title":"Labor Migration as a “Whole Nation Movement” and Its Impact on Society and Economy : Yemen's Experiences from 1970 to 1990","subitem_title_language":"en"}]},"item_type_id":"9","owner":"17","path":["437"],"pubdate":{"attribute_name":"公開日","attribute_value":"2010-02-16"},"publish_date":"2010-02-16","publish_status":"0","recid":"4256","relation_version_is_last":true,"title":["「国民的出稼ぎ現象」の社会・経済的影響 : 北イエメンの20年"],"weko_creator_id":"17","weko_shared_id":-1},"updated":"2023-06-20T17:17:15.415517+00:00"}