{"created":"2023-06-20T15:59:09.352671+00:00","id":4212,"links":{},"metadata":{"_buckets":{"deposit":"6ab39762-069f-457b-ae2d-7cdb227e4342"},"_deposit":{"created_by":17,"id":"4212","owners":[17],"pid":{"revision_id":0,"type":"depid","value":"4212"},"status":"published"},"_oai":{"id":"oai:minpaku.repo.nii.ac.jp:00004212","sets":["345:429"]},"author_link":["10552"],"item_9_biblio_info_7":{"attribute_name":"書誌情報","attribute_value_mlt":[{"bibliographicIssueDates":{"bibliographicIssueDate":"1994-10-28","bibliographicIssueDateType":"Issued"},"bibliographicIssueNumber":"2","bibliographicPageEnd":"310","bibliographicPageStart":"259","bibliographicVolumeNumber":"19","bibliographic_titles":[{"bibliographic_title":"国立民族学博物館研究報告"},{"bibliographic_title":"Bulletin of the National Museum of Ethnology","bibliographic_titleLang":"en"}]}]},"item_9_description_4":{"attribute_name":"抄録","attribute_value_mlt":[{"subitem_description":"On January 21, 1917, a large earthquake hit Bali island. Damage\nwas greatest in the southern part, which had been colonized by the Dutch\ngovernment in the year 1908. The Balinese recognized that this earthquake\nclearly meant the end of their cosmological order. Meanwhile,\nafter much debate, the colonial government finally decided to give financial\nand technical support to restore traditional Balinese constructions,\nespecially temples and the residences of the former royal families. This\ndebate mainly focused on the necessity of protecting the traditional\nculture. The earthquake thus served to objectify Balinese culture in the\ncolonial narratives and make it visible. The aim of this paper is to make\nclear the political and cultural significance of this earthquake, along with\nthe debate after it, in the process of the penetration of colonial power,\nand the consequences of the restoration for modern Balinese culture and\npolitics. The analysis concentrates on colonial narratives by examining\ngovernmental and private documents, most written and collected by Mr.\nP.A.J. Moojen, an architect, who was responsible for the restoration as\na representative of the government.\nThe first part characterizes the political situation around the year\n1917 by describing the colonial history in Bali. At this stage colonial\nsovereignty had almost accomplished the incorporation of the native\npolitical system into the colonial order.\nThe second part focuses on the central problem of cultural protec-\ntion, namely the restoration of the Besakih temple. Balinese as well as\ninternational audiences now acknowledge that this temple is undoubtedly\nthe authentic center of Balinese religious tradition. However, the\nrestoration after the earthquake was a turning point [STUART-Fox\n1987: 345] in the history of this temple-----previously, it had been long\nneglected due to political disturbance. I highlight the political and\ncultural meaning of this turning point from both the Dutch and Balinese\npoints of view. The latter claimed that the earthquake was the direct\nconsequence of the long neglect of the temple. The colonial government\naccepted this, but still decided to give financial aid from the cultural protection\npoint of view. This mutual agreement on the necessity of\nreconstructing the temple, from different standpoints, led to the\n\"cooperative objectification\" [THOMAS 1992a: 213-214] of this cultural\ncenter. The process involved appropriation by each side of the other's\npoint of view, and had other political connotations. The appropriation\nresulted in making clear the division between the political world, controlled\nby the colonial government, and the religious world, directed by the\nBalinese colonial elite, who succeeded in strengthening their political\npower by making use of the Dutch presence in the early stage of colonial\nhistory. At the same time, the Balinese colonial elite succeeded in\ndisseminating the idea that Besakih was a civil temple, by claiming that\nall Balinese should contribute to its restoration. Consequently, Besakih\nestablished itself as an external symbol of Balinese traditional culture,\nand at the same time as an internal one, that is, the integration of\nmodern civil society in Bali.\nThe third part focuses on the debate concerning the reconstruction\nof puri, the residences of the former royal families. The central point of\nthe debate was the transition from the former world order, constituted\nby the cosmological and political power of a royal family, to the colonial\nsecular political system. The Dutch government took a strict position in\norder to prohibit the exercise of the former royal power, which included\nthe authority to mobilize manpower and materials to restore their\nphysical base after natural damage by such things as earthquakes. As a\nresult, the colonial government had to offer aid for the reconstruction of\npuri, because some members of former royal families were incorporated\ninto the bureaucracy of colonial government under the direction of\nDutch indirect rule. The government discussed the ambiguity of the\nposition of puri, as they could easily represent either former royal\nresidences or offices of colonial government. The earthquake caused the\ngovernment to face the contradiction of indirect rule and to reconsider\nthe position of the former royal families.\nThe fourth part describes the inner debate among government\noffices on cultural protection. On this point the government was clearly\ndivided. On the one hand, Moojen and the local head of colonial\ngovernment claimed it was necessary to restore Balinese traditional constructions\nthrough governmental intervention involving financial aid and\ntechnical advice. On the other hand, the department of education and\nworship and the Batavia Society, both of which were requested to consider\nthe necessity of cultural protection by the central government, sternly\nstood against the claim for intervention. Instead, they asserted noninterference\nin cultural matters in Bali to allow free growth and change in\nits culture. The final judgment from the central government resulted in\nthe colonial government intervening to restore Balinese culture to its\n'original state' . In the process of this debate, the government had to\ndiscuss how to treat native culture and the meaning of the concept of\nculture itself.\nThe final part draws attention to the mystification of the concept of\ntraditional culture by focusing on stories telling the origin of the Besakih\ntemple. Nowadays Balinese culture tends to be accepted as a traditional\nculture which does not change. People rarely recognize historical\nchanges and forget the fact that Balinese society experienced colonial occupation,\nand during this period underwent a radical transformation.\nThe historical concepts held by the Balinese about their own past also\nreinforce the unchanging image of their culture and underestimate the\nhistorical process of the colonial period. This is partly because of the\ndependency on the tourist industry that capitalizes on the Balinese\ncultural image as tradition without change and partly because of the\ndecolonization policy of the Indonesian government, which authenticates\nitself by emphasizing the ideological break with the colonial\nperiod. Meanwhile it is also possible to point out that the colonial situation\nitself involved mystification to make people ignore its consequence,\nat least in the Balinese context. The colonial government was as much a\npolitical device as a scholarly machine. It investigated Balinese society,\nespecially in the fields of philology and archeology, so that it could control\nit. Consequently the government produced an authentic historical\nvision, which in turn concealed the radical transformation it had created.\nThe association between power and knowledge in the colonial situation\nserved to mystify the real processes at work.","subitem_description_type":"Abstract"}]},"item_9_identifier_registration":{"attribute_name":"ID登録","attribute_value_mlt":[{"subitem_identifier_reg_text":"10.15021/00004204","subitem_identifier_reg_type":"JaLC"}]},"item_9_publisher_33":{"attribute_name":"出版者","attribute_value_mlt":[{"subitem_publisher":"国立民族学博物館"}]},"item_9_publisher_34":{"attribute_name":"出版者（英）","attribute_value_mlt":[{"subitem_publisher":"National Museum of Ethnology"}]},"item_9_source_id_10":{"attribute_name":"書誌レコードID","attribute_value_mlt":[{"subitem_source_identifier":"AN00091943","subitem_source_identifier_type":"NCID"}]},"item_9_source_id_8":{"attribute_name":"ISSN","attribute_value_mlt":[{"subitem_source_identifier":"0385-180X","subitem_source_identifier_type":"ISSN"}]},"item_9_version_type_16":{"attribute_name":"著者版フラグ","attribute_value_mlt":[{"subitem_version_resource":"http://purl.org/coar/version/c_970fb48d4fbd8a85","subitem_version_type":"VoR"}]},"item_creator":{"attribute_name":"著者","attribute_type":"creator","attribute_value_mlt":[{"creatorNames":[{"creatorName":"永渕, 康之"},{"creatorName":"ナガフチ, ヤスユキ","creatorNameLang":"ja-Kana"},{"creatorName":"Nagafuchi, Yasuyuki","creatorNameLang":"en"}],"nameIdentifiers":[{"nameIdentifier":"10552","nameIdentifierScheme":"WEKO"}]}]},"item_files":{"attribute_name":"ファイル情報","attribute_type":"file","attribute_value_mlt":[{"accessrole":"open_date","date":[{"dateType":"Available","dateValue":"2015-11-19"}],"displaytype":"detail","filename":"KH_019_2_002.pdf","filesize":[{"value":"4.5 MB"}],"format":"application/pdf","licensetype":"license_note","mimetype":"application/pdf","url":{"label":"KH_019_2_002.pdf","url":"https://minpaku.repo.nii.ac.jp/record/4212/files/KH_019_2_002.pdf"},"version_id":"0d961984-4f9e-4abf-b264-f9bb4a4f8bee"}]},"item_keyword":{"attribute_name":"キーワード","attribute_value_mlt":[{"subitem_subject":"バリ｜インドネシア｜植民地状況｜伝統｜文化の形成","subitem_subject_scheme":"Other"},{"subitem_subject":"Bali｜ Indonesia｜colonial situation｜ tradition｜ construction of culture","subitem_subject_language":"en","subitem_subject_scheme":"Other"}]},"item_language":{"attribute_name":"言語","attribute_value_mlt":[{"subitem_language":"jpn"}]},"item_resource_type":{"attribute_name":"資源タイプ","attribute_value_mlt":[{"resourcetype":"departmental bulletin paper","resourceuri":"http://purl.org/coar/resource_type/c_6501"}]},"item_title":"1917年バリ大地震 : 植民地状況における文化形成の政治学","item_titles":{"attribute_name":"タイトル","attribute_value_mlt":[{"subitem_title":"1917年バリ大地震 : 植民地状況における文化形成の政治学"},{"subitem_title":"Colonial Narratives on Demolished Culture : The Great Earthquake in Bali, 1917","subitem_title_language":"en"}]},"item_type_id":"9","owner":"17","path":["429"],"pubdate":{"attribute_name":"公開日","attribute_value":"2010-02-16"},"publish_date":"2010-02-16","publish_status":"0","recid":"4212","relation_version_is_last":true,"title":["1917年バリ大地震 : 植民地状況における文化形成の政治学"],"weko_creator_id":"17","weko_shared_id":-1},"updated":"2023-06-20T17:18:16.362157+00:00"}