{"created":"2023-06-20T15:59:06.738739+00:00","id":4139,"links":{},"metadata":{"_buckets":{"deposit":"1d3e2c5e-f616-4a33-89e1-513fc4317cd9"},"_deposit":{"created_by":17,"id":"4139","owners":[17],"pid":{"revision_id":0,"type":"depid","value":"4139"},"status":"published"},"_oai":{"id":"oai:minpaku.repo.nii.ac.jp:00004139","sets":["345:415"]},"author_link":["79"],"control_number":"4139","item_9_biblio_info_7":{"attribute_name":"書誌情報","attribute_value_mlt":[{"bibliographicIssueDates":{"bibliographicIssueDate":"1998-03-31","bibliographicIssueDateType":"Issued"},"bibliographicIssueNumber":"4","bibliographicPageEnd":"763","bibliographicPageStart":"683","bibliographicVolumeNumber":"22","bibliographic_titles":[{"bibliographic_title":"国立民族学博物館研究報告"},{"bibliographic_title":"Bulletin of the National Museum of Ethnology","bibliographic_titleLang":"en"}]}]},"item_9_description_4":{"attribute_name":"抄録","attribute_value_mlt":[{"subitem_description":"The purpose of this paper is to clarify the trade activity of the\nancestors of the indigenous peoples of the Lower Amur Basin in the 18th\nand 19th centuries and to reexamine the discourse of their society and\nculture in classical ethnography. They have usually been described as\nhunters, fishermen, or collectors of wild plants in much ethnography\nsince the late 19th century, and the primitiveness of their foraging life\nstyle, fishing and hunting techniques, and social structure has often been\nunderlined by anthropologists, ethnologists, and historians. The\npolicies of the former Soviet Union to rescue them from the poverty caused\nby their primitive level of production was based on such discourse of\nthe scholars.\nHowever, were they really poor? Were their life style, culture, and\nsociety really primitive? Historical documents written by Japanese explorers\nand investigators in the 18th and 19th centuries, Mogami\nTokunai, Mamiya Rinzo, Nakamura Koichiro, and so on, indicate that\nthey had a highly sophisticated culture and a complex society. For example,\nmodern ethnologists often underline the fact that the peoples of the\nLower Amur were ichthyophagi, and that a piece of dried fish occupied\nthe same position as a piece of bread in European meals. On the contrary,\nJapanese investigators said that their staple food was a cup of boiled\nmillet, usually put in a small bowl of china or lacquer ware. Though\nethnologists often described fish skin coats in detail, most of their\nclothes were made of cotton, and their ritual costumes were even made\nof silk. It is a fact that millet, cotton, silk, china, and lacquer ware were\nnot their original products, but Chinese or Japanese ones which they\nobtained through trade with Chinese and Japanese. It is also a fact,\nhowever, that these things occupied an important position in their\ncultural complex. It is an injustice for researchers not to properly\nevaluate them and not to pay any attention to the trade activity.\nThe trade activity of the ancestors of the peoples of the Lower Amur\nin the 18th and 19th centuries was called \"Santan trade\" by Japanese investigators\nof the same centuries. \"Santan\" was an ethnonym of the people\nof the Lower Amur, which had often been used as a name of the\nancestors of the indigenous people of this region as a whole. It was\nMamiya Rinzo who clarified who the Santan people were. In his investigation\nin 1809 and 1810 he found out that the Santan lived between\nthe villages of \"Uruge\" (bIppH, later Russian village \"MaxcrM\nTojm cHA\") and \"Poru\" Mon, later Ul'chi village \"LlepxbIti Ap\") , that\nthey called themselves \"Mango\" (this is the same self denotation as\n\"Mangguni\") , and that their neighbors upstream along the river were\ncalled \"Korudekke\" (Goldok) and those downstream were called\n\"Sumerenkuru\". The range of habitation, the self denotation \"Mango\",\nand the linguistic materials indicate that the Santan people were\nancestors of the Tungus-speaking peoples of the Lower Amur today,\nespecially the Ul'chi (Olcha) and a part of the lower Nanai (Goldi) .\nThe Santan trade has long been studied as a theme of historical\nstudies of Northern Japan. However, though many facts have been\nclarified from the historical point of view, historians have long overlooked\nan important one namely that it was trade that kept the levels of life\nand culture of the peoples of the Lower Amur and Sakhalin in the 18th\nand 19th centuries higher than those described in ethnography. This is\nbecause the historians could not evaluate the function and role of trade\nactivity in the society and culture of the indigenous peoples, because\ntheir point of view was usually set not on the side of the indigenous\ntraders, but on that of authors or editors of literary sources, who were\noften government bureaucrats.\nThis paper is one of my experiments, in which I try to describe the\nhistorical events of the peoples of the Lower Amur and Sakhalin such as\nthe Santan trade from the point of view of those who were described in\nthe literary sources. The final end of the experiments is a diachronic\nreview of the society and culture of the peoples of this region, and I\nwould like to sweep away such images as \"primitive\", \"uncivilized\" or\n\"natural people\"\n, created by anthropologists and ethnologists since the\nend of the 19th century.\nAs a result of an examination of the historical literature of Japanese\ninvestigators, regional government archives of the Qing dynasty (the last\ndynasty of China) , reports of ethnological researches by Russian\nethnologists, and my own field data, I can point out the following\ncharacteristics of the trade activity of the peoples of the Lower Amur\nand Sakhalin:\n1) The main peoples who were enthusiastically engaged in the Santan\ntrade were the Santan and the Sumerenkuru (the ancestors of the Amur\nNivkh) , and some differences were apparent in their trading styles. For\nexample, the Santan people did their business on the main traffic route of\nthis region, which went from Lower Sungari to the southern end of\nSakhalin through Amur and the western coast of Sakhalin, they played a\nrole of mediator between Japanese and Chinese, and obtained a large\nprofit from this business. On the contrary, the Sumerenkuru traders extended\ntheir business area to the tributaries of the Lower Amur, the coast\nof the sea of Okhotsk and the eastern coast of Sakhalin, and played a\nrole of distributor of Chinese and Japanese commodities among the\npeoples of these areas.\n2) Usually the Santan and Sumerenkuru traders did not fix a business\nplace but often went round their customers, being engaged in sable hunting.\nHowever, the temporary branch office of the Qing dynasty, which\nwas constructed at Kiji or Deren and opened every summer, often played\nthe role of a periodical market, in which the Santan and Sumerenkuru\ntraders did their business not only with Manchu officials and merchants\nbut also with other indigenous traders.\n3) The trading crew of Santan or Sumerenkuru traders consisted of\nseveral persons from a village led by a hala i da (chief of a clan) or\ngashan da (head of village) nominated by the Qing dynasty.\n4) The conceptual classification of trade and tribute was recognized by\nthe Santan and Sumerenkuru peoples.\n5) Credit sale was the main custom of the Santan and Sumerenkuru\ntraders in the 18th and 19th centuries. They applied it to trade with all\ncustomers without exception. The business with the Ainu, who, it was\nsaid, suffered from their debt to the Santan traders, was not a special one\nto cheat them of their property.\n6) The trade activity of the peoples of the Lower Amur and Sakhalin\nswung between trade and tribute (in other words, between economy and\npolitics) , influenced by the change of political conditions of this region\nand the location of each people.\n6-1) In the 18th century, when the administrative system of the Qing\ndynasty was under construction on the Lower Amur and Sakhalin,\ntribute was superior to trade, because the regional administration of the\ndynasty was enthusiastically intervening in the social life of the people to\nestablish the sovereignty of the dynasty among them. After the end of\nthe 18th century, however, when the dynasty was losing its political\npower over the people of this region, the position of trade and tribute\nwas reversed.\n6-2) The relation between trade and tribute was different among the people\naccording to their location. I can classify them into three groups.\nThe first is the people who lived on the main route of the trade, comparatively\nfar from the regional centers of the countries (China and\nJapan) , i.e. the Santan and Sumerenkuru (the ancestors of the Ul'chi\nand Amur Nivkh) . They could take advantage of their location to intensively\nconduct their trading business without administrative intervention.\nThe second group is those who lived on the main route of the\ntrade, near to the regional center of the countries, i.e. the Korudekke\n(the ancestors of the Nanai) and the Ainu. Their location was too close\nto the center to be free from the governmental power of the countries,\nthough their status was higher than that of the people of the first group.\nIt was more important for them to accomplish various obligations than\nto be engaged in free trade. The third group is those who lived far from\nboth the main trade route and the regional center of the countries, i.e.\nthe ancestors of the Sakhalin Nivkh, Uilta (Oroks) , Orochi, Negidars,\nand Evenki hunters. They were providers of fur and consumers of\nChinese and Japanese products for the Santan and Sumerenkuru traders.\n7) The prosperity of the Santan trade from the end of 18th century to the\nmiddle of the 19th century was held by the political and economic\nbalance between China and Japan on Sakhalin, and the profits of the\nSantan and Sumerenkuru traders were much dependent on the difference\nin demand and prices between China and Japan. For example, there\nwas a great demand for sable fur in China, and the Chinese and Manchu\npeople paid much for it, while the Japanese were not interested in it at all\nand sold it to the Santan and Sumerenkuru traders much cheaper than in\nChina. Therefore, their trade activity was fatally damaged by the\ndestruction of this balance by the third power, imperial Russia.\nThough I could not completely carry out the second purpose of this\npaper, i.e. a reexamination of the ethnographic discourse of the society\nand culture of the people of the Lower Amur basin, I could make a first\nstep in accomplishing it by clarifying the characteristics of their trade activity.\nI would like to make further steps in other papers, in which I will\nexamine such problems as the political background of the Santan trade,\nthe quality and quantity of the profit of the Santan and Sumerenkuru\ntraders, methodological problems of historical studies of the indigenous\npeople of this region, and so on.","subitem_description_type":"Abstract"}]},"item_9_identifier_registration":{"attribute_name":"ID登録","attribute_value_mlt":[{"subitem_identifier_reg_text":"10.15021/00004131","subitem_identifier_reg_type":"JaLC"}]},"item_9_publisher_33":{"attribute_name":"出版者","attribute_value_mlt":[{"subitem_publisher":"国立民族学博物館"}]},"item_9_publisher_34":{"attribute_name":"出版者（英）","attribute_value_mlt":[{"subitem_publisher":"National Museum of Ethnology"}]},"item_9_source_id_10":{"attribute_name":"書誌レコードID","attribute_value_mlt":[{"subitem_source_identifier":"AN00091943","subitem_source_identifier_type":"NCID"}]},"item_9_source_id_8":{"attribute_name":"ISSN","attribute_value_mlt":[{"subitem_source_identifier":"0385-180X","subitem_source_identifier_type":"ISSN"}]},"item_9_version_type_16":{"attribute_name":"著者版フラグ","attribute_value_mlt":[{"subitem_version_resource":"http://purl.org/coar/version/c_970fb48d4fbd8a85","subitem_version_type":"VoR"}]},"item_creator":{"attribute_name":"著者","attribute_type":"creator","attribute_value_mlt":[{"creatorAffiliations":[{"affiliationNames":[{"affiliationNameLang":"ja"}]}],"creatorNames":[{"creatorName":"C. , Сасаки","creatorNameLang":"ru"},{"creatorName":"Sasaki, Shiro","creatorNameLang":"en"},{"creatorName":"佐々木, 史郎","creatorNameLang":"ja"},{"creatorName":"ササキ, シロウ","creatorNameLang":"ja-Kana"}],"familyNames":[{"familyName":"C.","familyNameLang":"ru"},{"familyName":"Sasaki","familyNameLang":"en"},{"familyName":"佐々木","familyNameLang":"ja"},{"familyName":"ササキ","familyNameLang":"ja-Kana"}],"givenNames":[{"givenName":"Сасаки","givenNameLang":"ru"},{"givenName":"Shiro","givenNameLang":"en"},{"givenName":"史郎","givenNameLang":"ja"},{"givenName":"シロウ","givenNameLang":"ja-Kana"}],"nameIdentifiers":[{"nameIdentifier":"79","nameIdentifierScheme":"WEKO"},{"nameIdentifier":"1000070178648","nameIdentifierScheme":"CiNii ID","nameIdentifierURI":"http://ci.nii.ac.jp/nrid/1000070178648"},{"nameIdentifier":"70178648","nameIdentifierScheme":"NRID"},{"nameIdentifier":"70178648","nameIdentifierScheme":"e-Rad","nameIdentifierURI":"https://kaken.nii.ac.jp/ja/search/?qm=70178648"}]}]},"item_files":{"attribute_name":"ファイル情報","attribute_type":"file","attribute_value_mlt":[{"accessrole":"open_date","date":[{"dateType":"Available","dateValue":"2015-11-19"}],"displaytype":"detail","filename":"KH_022_4_001.pdf","filesize":[{"value":"5.6 MB"}],"format":"application/pdf","licensetype":"license_note","mimetype":"application/pdf","url":{"label":"KH_022_4_001.pdf","url":"https://minpaku.repo.nii.ac.jp/record/4139/files/KH_022_4_001.pdf"},"version_id":"a674dec3-55ca-4bcd-bc64-f0faffe197e6"}]},"item_keyword":{"attribute_name":"キーワード","attribute_value_mlt":[{"subitem_subject":"サンタン交易｜アムール川下流域｜樺太｜クロテン｜ウリチ｜ニヴフ","subitem_subject_scheme":"Other"}]},"item_language":{"attribute_name":"言語","attribute_value_mlt":[{"subitem_language":"jpn"}]},"item_resource_type":{"attribute_name":"資源タイプ","attribute_value_mlt":[{"resourcetype":"departmental bulletin paper","resourceuri":"http://purl.org/coar/resource_type/c_6501"}]},"item_title":"18,19世紀におけるアムール川下流域の住民の交易活動","item_titles":{"attribute_name":"タイトル","attribute_value_mlt":[{"subitem_title":"18,19世紀におけるアムール川下流域の住民の交易活動","subitem_title_language":"ja"},{"subitem_title":"The Trade Activity of the Peoples of the Lower Amur Basin in the 18th and 19th Centuries","subitem_title_language":"en"}]},"item_type_id":"9","owner":"17","path":["415"],"pubdate":{"attribute_name":"PubDate","attribute_value":"2010-02-16"},"publish_date":"2010-02-16","publish_status":"0","recid":"4139","relation_version_is_last":true,"title":["18,19世紀におけるアムール川下流域の住民の交易活動"],"weko_creator_id":"17","weko_shared_id":-1},"updated":"2023-09-21T04:04:09.700990+00:00"}