@article{oai:minpaku.repo.nii.ac.jp:00003904,
 author = {Кoнaгaя, Юки and Konagaya, Yuki and 小長谷, 有紀},
 issue = {1},
 journal = {国立民族学博物館研究報告, Bulletin of the National Museum of Ethnology},
 month = {Nov},
 note = {モンゴル国では，近年，農業開発のための政策が実施され，成果を挙げてい
る。一方，農耕放棄地にはヨモギがはえてアレルギー源となり，人々に健康被
害をもたらしている。したがって，農業をめぐり開発と保全のバランスをいか
にとるかが今後の大きな課題となる。この目標に貢献するために，本稿で筆者
は，モンゴル高原北部における農業に関する知見について，人々の知識と経験
という観点から整理した。
　知見は4 領域から構成される。1 つめは，考古学や歴史学の成果。とくに元
朝時代は他の時代に比べて資料が多く，研究も進んでいるので，より詳しく記
した。2 つめは民族学が提供するいわゆる伝統的知識。用いたモンゴル語資料
は日本語に翻訳して末尾に添付した。3 つめは社会主義時代の人びとの経験。
筆者自身が集めた口述史の資料を利用した。また，国営農場のリストの作成を
試みた（モンゴル農牧省にもない）。4 つめは統計。
　これらの整理から得られることは多いが，結論は以下の通り。
　1．匈奴以来，モンゴル高原では外来の農民によって農業開発がしばしば行
われた。とくにウイグル時代には積極的に都城が建設されたが，この時期は中
世の温暖期に相当しており，有利な気象条件に恵まれていたと思われる。
　2．モンゴル国西部ではオイラート・モンゴル人による農耕が発達していた。
その技術は，牛による犂，灌漑，大麦など，休閑期があることなどの特徴があ
る。
　3．社会主義的近代化の過程で導入された農業は，伝統的な技術と異なる，
大規模乾燥農法であった。作付面積が40 万ヘクタールを超えると，規模の経
済のメリットが得られるが，非常に投機的なビジネスとなり，社会的に安定的
ではなくなる。
　4．歴史的に農業開発はそれぞれの時代の政策によって実施されてきたので，
断続的であるにすぎず，カラコルム地区を除いて決して持続的ではない。にも
かかわらず，現実に農業開発は行われ，牧畜の定着化を同時に促進しているの
で，今後は，遊牧に適した非均衡モデルではなく，むしろ均衡モデルを適用し
た考察が必要になっている。, In Mongolia, the policy of agricultural development has recently
achieved some successes. However, many agricultural fields have already
been infested with the weed Artemisia, which is an allergen that has had negative
impacts on the health of Mongolian citizens. Therefore, how to find a
balance between agricultural development and nature conservation is a big
issue for Mongolia. In this article the author has tried to contribute to meeting
this challenge through compiling information and knowledge sources about
the history of agricultural development from the viewpoint of people’s experiences
on the Mongolian plateau.
Knowledge about Mongolian agriculture is derived from and composed
of four kinds of materials. The first of these are findings from history and
archeology. The second is the so-called Traditional Ecological Knowledge
(TEK) presented by ethnographers. Some basic materials of this kind written
in Mongolian are translated into Japanese in the appendix. The third are the
experiences of people during the process of socialist modernization. Oral histories
collected by the author are used as source materials. In addition, a list
and map of state farms during the socialist period are presented here in this
paper for the first time. The fourth kind of material is statistical analysis.
From these materials we can gain much understanding, which can be
summed up in four principal conclusions:
1. On the Mongolian plateau, from the Xiongnu period onwards, nomads
have always tried to develop agriculture through relocating peasants by force.
Especially during the Uighur period, a capital city was constructed in the center
of the Mongolian plateau and agricultural fields were also developed. The
climatic conditions of the medieval warming may have created advantages for
agricultural development at that time.
2. In western Mongolia, many Oirat Mongol groups have traditionally
engaged in cultivation and had knowledge of it. With irrigation systems that
took water from the rivers, they ploughed with cattle, allowed for fallow periods,
and cultivated mostly barley.
3. Under the socialist modernization program, modern agriculture was
introduced to Mongolia. The modern techniques were quite different from traditional
cultivation, consisting only of dry farming that was mechanized and
on a large scale. Statistically, although they achieved economies of scale when
they harvested over 400,000 ha, that was speculative and not sustainable for
the society.
4. Historically, agricultural development in Mongolia has been intermittent
and sporadic according to the policies of the time, not continuous except
in the Kara-korm (Khara-khorin) district. The situation nowadays in which
cultivation is expanding and helping to make pastoralism more settled forces
us to consider the equilibrium model rather than the disequilibrium model
which fits with nomadic pastoralism., Article},
 pages = {9--138},
 title = {モンゴルにおける農業開発史 : 開発と保全の均衡を求めて},
 volume = {35},
 year = {2010},
 yomi = {コナガヤ, ユキ}
}