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  1. 国立民族学博物館研究報告
  2. 18巻4号

バングラデシュ農村における一方的贈与と社会関係 : タンガイル県,M村のムスリム集落の事例より

https://doi.org/10.15021/00004214
https://doi.org/10.15021/00004214
5510a6e7-0d10-41de-910c-43f1d6b7f548
名前 / ファイル ライセンス アクション
KH_018_4_003.pdf KH_018_4_003.pdf (3.9 MB)
Item type 紀要論文 / Departmental Bulletin Paper(1)
公開日 2010-02-16
タイトル
タイトル バングラデシュ農村における一方的贈与と社会関係 : タンガイル県,M村のムスリム集落の事例より
タイトル
タイトル One-Way Gifts and Social Relations Among Rural Muslims in Bangladesh : A Case Study from a Village in the Tangail District
言語 en
言語
言語 jpn
キーワード
主題Scheme Other
主題 バングラデシュ農村|ムスリム|一方的贈与|社会関係|儀礼
キーワード
言語 en
主題Scheme Other
主題 rural Bangladesh|Muslim|one-way gifts|social relation|ritual
資源タイプ
資源タイプ識別子 http://purl.org/coar/resource_type/c_6501
資源タイプ departmental bulletin paper
ID登録
ID登録 10.15021/00004214
ID登録タイプ JaLC
著者 西川, 麦子

× 西川, 麦子

西川, 麦子

ja-Kana ニシカワ, ムギコ

en Nishikawa, Mugiko

Search repository
抄録
内容記述タイプ Abstract
内容記述 This paper treats the subject of gift giving for merit without the expectation
of any return from the receiver, a practice common among
Muslims in rural Bangladesh. The three main examples are almsgiving,
the provision of religious feasts and the sacrifice of animals. This paper
is based on findings from a field survey which was conducted in a village
in the Tangail District which I will refer to as M village. It consists of
two settlements: a Muslim one and a Hindu one. Most Muslims in M
village live in the Muslim settlement.
Many scholars have been studying the economic and political
aspects of village life in Bangladesh by analyzing the social and economic
relationships among the villagers. While the practice of one-way giving
is essentially religious in nature, I will analyze its significance in village
life by discussing the characteristics of the relationships which stem from
one-way gift giving.
I will describe three matters. First I will discuss two kinds of
religious feast, one held according to the Hijra calendar and the other as
the need arises to pray to God for worldly benefits such as relief , from
disease, or for a good harvest or a healthy baby. Muslim male beggars
called fakir and male villagers are invited to such feasts. Next I will
describe the practice of the animal sacrifice in Eid-al-adha and the
distribution of the meat. Finally I will treat three cases of the funeral
rites and feasts. The families of the deceased vary greatly in terms of
economic and social standing in M village, and I will illustrate how these
factors influence not only the scale of the feasts but the attitudes to them
of the villagers.
I wish to analyze the one-way gift giving among Muslims in M
village from three points of view. The first is that of the receiver of the
gift. The gifts for religious merit are often said to be given to "the
poor." However, there is neither a strict religious definition nor are
there clear categories or castes of "the poor" in the Muslim society in
Bangladesh. The second point of view is how villagers view the relationship
between the giver and the receiver. From a religious point of view
the gifts are given to God. However, they have great potential in the
world to make the power relationships among villagers. The third point
of view is in regard to the valuation of the gift by a third person and the
prestige of the individuals and the social groups. All the gift giving
treated in this paper is open to the gaze of a third person and to the information
network.
The one-way gift giving for merit is an important religious practice
for Muslims. However, most villagers, even if they are in poverty, don't
like to become the receiver of the gift for fear of being defined as "the
poor" and placed in a lower social status. They tend to avoid making individual
relationships through the receipt of a gift.
The main receivers of alms are Muslim beggars called fakir and fakirni
(female), who are in other respects normal villagers. The fakir occupation
is assigned a religious role. The relationship between fakir and
the giver of alms or the host of the feasts is more ritual than personal.
In regard to religious feasts there is no rule concerning guests with
the exception of fakirs. For the host it is more important to gather an
adequate number of people for the scale of the feast than to invite any
particular persons. The host calls on neighborhoods or on the people
who come to the Mosque in the Muslim settlement to pray on Friday
afternoon. At the feast, as soon as the guests have finished eating they
leave without enjoying conversation with the host and guests. The
guests do not feel an obligation to return something to the host.
The one-way gift giving among Muslims in M village is neither
regulated by village law, nor is it an obligation of particular posts within
the village. The giving depends on individual intention. Among the
villagers who are in the same economic conditions, some villagers give
alms regularly and others rarely; some people serve dinner to hundreds
of people for a feast and the others invite only a few fakirs. The
villagers are conscious of the valuation by a third person which affects
the dignity of an individual and his/her household. The accumulation
of such valuations in daily life determines the social standing of the
villagers.
In the rural areas of Bangladesh it is difficult to find a clear social
unit as a corporate group. In M village there is no special Muslim
organization responsible for religious ceremonies. However, the
villagers recognize their social boundary and themselves as Muslims of M
village as distinct from "the others." During ceremonies they are
sometimes united together. In Eid festival in M village, regardless of
who sacrifices the animals a third of the meat is divided equally among
all Muslim households of M village. In a large-scale feast in which most
of the guests are the inhabitants in other villages, if the M villagers think
it will affect the honor of their own village, they will work in a body for
the success of the feast. I believe the awareness of the consciousness of
"the ohters" is an important element for the people within a social boundary
to help them rally together to protect the honor of their group.
書誌情報 国立民族学博物館研究報告
en : Bulletin of the National Museum of Ethnology

巻 18, 号 4, p. 649-695, 発行日 1994-03-31
出版者
出版者 国立民族学博物館
出版者(英)
出版者 National Museum of Ethnology
ISSN
収録物識別子タイプ ISSN
収録物識別子 0385-180X
書誌レコードID
収録物識別子タイプ NCID
収録物識別子 AN00091943
著者版フラグ
出版タイプ VoR
出版タイプResource http://purl.org/coar/version/c_970fb48d4fbd8a85
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Cite as

Nishikawa, Mugiko, n.d., One-Way Gifts and Social Relations Among Rural Muslims in Bangladesh : A Case Study from a Village in the Tangail District: 国立民族学博物館.

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