ナイル川流域における土地利用と灌漑農業をめぐる社会的諸関係 : 北スーダン・ナイル県の一村落の事例報告

大塚 和夫

ナイル川流域における土地利用と灌漑農業をめぐる社会的諸関係 : 北スーダン・ナイル県の一村落の事例報告利用統計を見る

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JaLC DOI	info:doi/10.15021/00004271
タイトル(英)	Land Use System and Social Relations in an Irrigated Agricultural Area along the Nile : A Case from a Village of the Northern Sudan
アイテムタイプ	紀要論文 / Departmental Bulletin Paper
言語	日本語
キーワード	北スーダン, ナイル沿岸アラブ, ポンプ灌漑, 土地利用体系, 分益小作
キーワード(英)	Sudan, riverine Arabs, pump irrigation, land use system, sharecropping arrangemen
著者	大塚和夫 / オオツカカズオ
著者(英)	Kazuo Ohtsuka
抄録	This paper aims to describe ethnogaraphically a system of land use and some aspects of the social relations found in an irrigated agricultural area along the Nile river. Most of the data I present here was taken during my field research in 1986-87 and 1989 in a village belonging to the Nile Province of the Republic of the Sudan. The land around the village is divided into four categories according to the ways of water supply and the forms of land ownership. The first category, jarif, indicates the long strip of the land along the Nile. Since this area is regularly flooded and completely covered with the Nile water for several months in the rainy season, an owner of the land can cultivate it without special irrigation. Next to the fanif land, fertile fields extend widely. That area is called jazira and has been the main portion of the cultivated lands the villagers personally owned. Farmers used to exploit it by making use of the water wheel, which had been turned by cattle for irrigating from the Nile. Today pumping machines worked by a diesel engine take the place of the old apparatus and efficiently supply a large quantity of water from the Nile to the jazira land. The introduction of pumps in the irrigation system, which started in the middle of the 1940's in this village, changed drastically the activities of agriculturists in this region, because it transformed a vast land beside the jazira into cultivable fields. The area called kari-4, which had been uncultivated due to lack of water supply and being owned by the government, was turned into a large scale farm under supervision of the village leader, then Mr. HA, who registered at a government office to obtain a right to use the land as a field. He also bought two pumps with the financial help of the Mandist office in the capital and set them up at an appropriate site of the Nile bank. This project, which has been called the HA Pumping Scheme, started to work in 1951 and is nowadays managed by HA's son, Mr. AH. Besides the Scheme, some of the well-off families in the village, who separately purchased a pumping machine and gained a right to use a portion of the government-owned land, managed to dig a well to supply water to the field around it. The field irrigated from the well is called matara. We now find newly cultivated matara fields even in the desert area called khaki, far from the village as well as in some parts of the karu land. Based on this system of land use, farmers make peculiar arrangements to divide the crop among the land owner (in the case of the jazira) or the registrant (in the case of the kari4), the man providing water to the field (that is, the owner of a pump), and the cultivator. In case of the karii belonging to the HA Scheme, Mr. AH, who is a registrant of the land as well as an owner of the pumps, divides fifty-fifty on the harvest with a cultivator who agrees with Mr. AH about his right to cultivate the allotted portion of the karft land. In the jazira, where a system of the private land ownership has been established for a long time, Mr. AH, who supplies water, and a cultivator who owns the field personally share the crop after deducting necessary cultivating expenses from it. If the owner of the land cannot work his field for some reason, such as a migration to one of the oil-producing countries and if he asks a reliable person to cultivate his land, he can obtain one-eighth of the crop as a right of the land owner. This portion he would receive is called karij. The cultivator and Mr. AH, a provider of water, share the rest of the crop. I also discuss variations of arrangements, as a kind of sharecropping system; cooperative activities among villagers, called nafir; and a significant role of agricultural workers recruited from the outside of the village.
雑誌名	国立民族学博物館研究報告
雑誌名(英)	Bulletin of the National Museum of Ethnology
巻	16
号	1
ページ	159 - 212
発行年	1991-08-31
ISSN	0385-180X
書誌レコードID	AN00091943
著者版フラグ	publisher
出版者	国立民族学博物館
出版者（英）	National Museum of Ethnology

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ナイル川流域における土地利用と灌漑農業をめぐる社会的諸関係 : 北スーダン・ナイル県の一村落の事例報告利用統計を見る

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ナイル川流域における土地利用と灌漑農業をめぐる社会的諸関係 : 北スーダン・ナイル県の一村落の事例報告 利用統計を見る

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ナイル川流域における土地利用と灌漑農業をめぐる社会的諸関係 : 北スーダン・ナイル県の一村落の事例報告利用統計を見る