The Origin of the “Jasmine Revolution” and Two Concepts of Modernity : “Islam and Democracy” Revisited through a Rereading of Rachid Ghannouchi by Azzam Tamimi
本稿は，チュニジアの「ジャスミン革命」と「アラブの春」を経た今日新た
な意味を帯びるパレスチナ人政治学者タミーミーの著書を再読し，イスラーム
と民主主義の関わりについての論点を提示しようとするものである。約10 年
前に出た同書は，1970 年代以来チュニジアの民主化運動で重要な役割を果たし
てきた穏健なイスラーム主義者で，「ジャスミン革命」後の総選挙で第一党と
なったナフダ党の党首ガンヌーシーの「イスラーム的民主主義」に光を当てて
いる。ガンヌーシーは西洋民主主義の制度と哲学を切り離し，前者をイスラー
ム的価値観と合体させた「イスラーム的民主主義」による独裁の終焉を構想し
た。マグリブの独裁と結び付いた世俗主義への彼の批判は，民主主義は世俗的
であるべきという西洋的概念の自明性を問うものでもある。彼の思想は急進派
が主張する「神の主権」を「人民主権」に限りなく近づけるが，イスラームの
枠内の自由やプルーラリズムが前提になる点で西洋的自由概念との相剋もはら
むという，イスラーム主義に共通する未決の問題点を持つ。西洋民主主義とイ
スラーム的民主主義の相剋は，19 世紀末以来の西洋的近代とイスラーム的近代
（二つの近代）の相剋の問題でもあった。またイスラーム的近代，イスラーム
的民主主義自体も，複数形でしか語り得ない多様性を持つことを本書は示唆し
ている。
This paper seeks to put forward some important points on the relation
between Islam and democracy through a rereading of Rachid Ghannouchi by
Azzam Tamimi, a Palestinian political scientist, a work which has acquired
new meanings since the “Jasmine Revolution” and the “Arab Spring.” Published
about ten years ago, this book sheds light on the concept of “Islamic
democracy” as pursued by Ghannouchi, a moderate Islamist who has played
an important role in the democratization movement in Tunisia since the 1970s
and is the leader of the Nahda Party, which won the election held soon after
the “Jasmine Revolution.” Ghannouchi tried to distinguish between the system
and the philosophy of Western democracy and envisaged replacing dictatorship
with “Islamic democracy,” which would combine the Western democratic
system with Islamic values. Criticizing secularism, which he believed had
been connected with Maghreb despotism, he questioned whether the Western
idea that “democracy should be secular” is really self-evident. Whereas
his thought almost replaces “God’s sovereignty” with “People’s sovereignty,”
his assumption of freedom and pluralism within the Islamic framework inevitably
collides with the Western concept of freedom, an impasse which also
remains unresolved in political Islam in general. The conflict between the two
concepts of democracy, Western and Islamic, is inseparably linked with the
long-standing question of the two conflicting concepts of modernity, Western
and Islamic, unanswered since the end of the nineteenth century. This book
also implies that Islamic modernity and Islamic democracy can only exist in
diverse forms.
「ジャスミン革命」の淵源と二つの近代 : タミーミー著『ラーシド・ガンヌーシー』再読による〈イスラームと民主主義〉再考
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